scholarly journals On Digital Twins, Mirrors, and Virtualizations: Frameworks for Model Verification and Validation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Worden ◽  
E. J. Cross ◽  
R. J. Barthorpe ◽  
D. J. Wagg ◽  
P. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Representation Theory ◽  
Applied Mathematics ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Model Verification And Validation

Abstract A powerful new idea in the computational representation of structures is that of the digital twin. The concept of the digital twin emerged and developed over the last decade, and has been identified by many industries as a highly desired technology. The current situation is that individual companies often have their own definitions of a digital twin, and no clear consensus has emerged. In particular, there is no current mathematical formulation of a digital twin. A companion paper to the current one will attempt to present the essential components of the desired formulation. One of those components is identified as a rigorous representation theory of models; most importantly, governing how they are verified and validated, and how validation information can be transferred between models. Unlike its companion, which does not attempt detailed specification of any twin components, this paper will attempt to outline a rigorous representation theory of models, based on the introduction of two new concepts: mirrors and virtualizations. The paper is not intended as a passive wish list; it is intended as a rallying call. The new theory will require the active participation of researchers across a number of domains including: pure and applied mathematics, physics, computer science, and engineering. The paper outlines the main objects of the theory and gives examples of the sort of theorems and hypotheses that might be proved in the new framework.

Glossary of terms used in medicinal chemistry. Part II (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 1725-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek R. Buckle ◽  
Paul W. Erhardt ◽  
C. Robin Ganellin ◽  
Toshi Kobayashi ◽  
Thomas J. Perun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Human Genome Project ◽  
Medicinal Chemistry ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Human Genome Project

The evolution that has taken place in medicinal chemistry practice as a result of major advances in genomics and molecular biology arising from the Human Genome Project has carried with it an extensive additional working vocabulary that has become both integrated and essential terminology for the medicinal chemist. Some of this augmented terminology has been adopted from the many related and interlocked scientific disciplines with which the modern medicinal chemist must be conversant, but many other terms have been introduced to define new concepts and ideas as they have arisen. In this supplementary Glossary, we have attempted to collate and define many of the additional terms that are now considered to be essential components of the medicinal chemist’s expanded repertoire.

Digital Twin for Smart Manufacturing: The Practitioner’s Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Bärring ◽  
Björn Johansson ◽  
Goudong Shao
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Smart Manufacturing ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
New Information ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Discrete Manufacturing ◽  
Design Production

Abstract The manufacturing sector is experiencing a technological paradigm shift, where new information technology (IT) concepts can help digitize product design, production systems, and manufacturing processes. One of such concepts is Digital Twin and researchers have made some advancement on both its conceptual development and technological implementations. However, in practice, there are many different definitions of the digital-twin concept. These different definitions have created a lot of confusion for practitioners, especially small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Therefore, the adoption and implementation of the digital-twin concept in manufacturing have been difficult and slow. In this paper, we report our findings from a survey of companies (both large and small) regarding their understanding and acceptance of the digital-twin concept. Five supply-chain companies from discrete manufacturing and one trade organization representing suppliers in the automotive business were interviewed. Their operations have been studied to understand their current digital maturity levels and articulate their needs for digital solutions to stay competitive. This paper presents the results of the research including the viewpoints of these companies in terms of opportunities and challenges for implementing digital twins.

Machine learning-based digital twins reduce seasonal remapping in aeroderivative gas turbines

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nick Petro ◽  
Felipe Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pilot Site ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Machine Learning Model ◽  
Unacceptable Behavior ◽  
External Conditions

Abstract Aeroderivative gas turbines have their combustion set points adjusted periodically in a process known as remapping. Even turbines that perform well after remapping may produce unacceptable behavior when external conditions change. This article introduces a digital twin that uses real-time measurements of combustor acoustics and emissions in a machine learning model that tracks recent operating conditions. The digital twin is leveraged by an optimizer that select adjustments that allow the unit to maintain combustor dynamics and emissions in compliance without seasonal remapping. Results from a pilot site demonstrate that the proposed approach can allow a GE LM6000PD unit to operate for ten months without seasonal remapping while adjusting to changes in ambient temperature (4 - 38 °C) and to different fuel compositions.

Digital Twins: Review and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria G. Juarez ◽  
Vicente J. Botti ◽  
Adriana S. Giret
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Multi Agent System ◽  
Agent System ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Science Approach ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Current Operating

Abstract With the arises of Industry 4.0, numerous concepts have emerged; one of the main concepts is the digital twin (DT). DT is being widely used nowadays, however, as there are several uses in the existing literature; the understanding of the concept and its functioning can be diffuse. The main goal of this paper is to provide a review of the existing literature to clarify the concept, operation, and main characteristics of DT, to introduce the most current operating, communication, and usage trends related to this technology, and to present the performance of the synergy between DT and multi-agent system (MAS) technologies through a computer science approach.

The Digital Twin of a System: A Structure for Networks of Digital Twins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif- Thore Reiche ◽  
Claas Steffen Gundlach ◽  
Gian Frederik Mewes ◽  
Alexander Fay
Keyword(s):  
Digital Twin ◽  
System A ◽  
Digital Twins

Engine Fleet-Management: The Use of Digital Twins From a MRO Perspective

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joern Kraft ◽  
Stefan Kuntzagk
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Fleet Management ◽  
Component Level ◽  
The Real ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Life Consumption

Engine operating cost is a major contributor to the direct operating cost of aircraft. Therefore, the minimization of engine operating cost per flight-hour is a key aspect for airlines to operate successfully under challenging market conditions. The interaction between maintenance cost, operating cost, asset value, lease and replacement cost describes the area of conflict in which engine fleets can be optimized. State-of-the-art fleet management is based on advanced diagnostic and prognostic methods on engine and component level to provide optimized long-term removal and work-scoping forecasts on fleet level based on the individual operation. The key element of these methods is a digital twin of the active engines consisting of multilevel models of the engine and its components. This digital twin can be used to support deterioration and failure analysis, predict life consumption of critical parts and relate the specific operation of a customer to the real and expected condition of the engines on-wing and at induction to the shop. The fleet management data is constantly updated based on operational data sent from the engines as well as line maintenance and shop data. The approach is illustrated along the real application on the CFM56-5C, a mature commercial two-spool high bypass engine installed on the Airbus A340-300. It can be shown, that the new methodology results in major improvements on the considered fleets.

scholarly journals Development and application of problem-oriented digital twins for magnetic observatories and variation stations

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Andrei Vorobev ◽  
Vyacheslav Pilipenko ◽  
Gulnara Vorobeva ◽  
Olga Khristodulo
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Geomagnetic Variation ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Geomagnetic Data ◽  
Magnetic Station

Introduction: Magnetic stations are one of the main tools for observing the geomagnetic field. However, gaps and anomalies in time series of geomagnetic data, which often exceed 30% of the number of recorded values, negatively affect the effectiveness of the implemented approach and complicate the application of mathematical tools which require that the information signal is continuous. Besides, the missing values ​​add extra uncertainty in computer simulation of dynamic spatial distribution of geomagnetic variations and related parameters. Purpose: To develop a methodology for improving the efficiency of technical means for observing the geomagnetic field. Method: Creation of problem-oriented digital twins of magnetic stations, and their integration into the collection and preprocessing of geomagnetic data, in order to simulate the functioning of their physical prototypes with a certain accuracy. Results: Using Kilpisjärvi magnetic station (Finland) as an example, it is shown that the use of digital twins, whose information environment is made up of geomagnetic data from adjacent stations, can provide the opportunity for reconstruction (retrospective forecast) of geomagnetic variation parameters with a mean square error in the auroral zone of up to 11.5 nT. The integration of problem-oriented digital twins of magnetic stations into the processes of collecting and registering geomagnetic data can provide automatic identification and replacement of missing and abnormal values, increasing, due to the redundancy effect, the fault tolerance of the magnetic station as a data source object. For example, the digital twin of Kilpisjärvi station recovers 99.55% of annual information, and 86.73% of it has an error not exceeding 12 nT. Discussion: Due to the spatial anisotropy of geomagnetic field parameters, the error at the digital twin output will be different in each specific case, depending on the geographic location of the magnetic station, as well as on the number of the surrounding magnetic stations and the distance to them. However, this problem can be minimized by integrating geomagnetic data from satellites into the information environment of the digital twin. Practical relevance: The proposed methodology provides the opportunity for automated diagnostics of time series of geomagnetic data for outliers and anomalies, as well as restoration of missing values and identification of small-scale disturbances.

scholarly journals Using the CVP Traffic Detection Model at Road-Section Applies to Traffic Information Collection and Monitor - the Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shing Tenqchen ◽  
Yen-Jung Su ◽  
Keng-Pin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Road Section ◽  
Trial Field ◽  
Flow Information ◽  
Model Verification And Validation ◽  
Traffic Collection

This paper proposes a using Cellular-Based Vehicle Probe (CVP) at road-section (RS) method to detect and setup a model for traffic flow information (info) collection and monitor. There are multiple traffic collection devices including CVP, ETC-Based Vehicle Probe (EVP), Vehicle Detector (VD), and CCTV as traffic resources to serve as road condition info for predicting the traffic jam problem, monitor and control. The main project has been applied at Tai # 2 Ghee-Jing roadway connects to Wan-Li section as a trial field on fiscal year of 2017-2018. This paper proposes a man-flow turning into traffic-flow with Long-Short Time Memory (LTSM) from recurrent neural network (RNN) model. We also provide a model verification and validation methodology with RNN for cross verification of system performance.

scholarly journals Methodology and Tools for Digital Twin Management—The FA3ST Approach

IoT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-740
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Stojanovic ◽  
Thomas Usländer ◽  
Friedrich Volz ◽  
Christian Weißenbacher ◽  
Jens Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Industrie 4.0 ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Digital Representations ◽  
Lifecycle Model ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
International Data ◽  
Physical Assets

The concept of digital twins (DT) has already been discussed some decades ago. Digital representations of physical assets are key components in industrial applications as they are the basis for decision making. What is new is the conceptual approach to consider DT as well-defined software entities themselves that follow the whole lifecycle of their physical counterparts from the engineering, operation up to the discharge, and hence, have their own type description, identity, and lifecycle. This paper elaborates on this idea and argues the need for systematic DT engineering and management. After a conceptual description of DT, the paper proposes a DT lifecycle model and presents methodologies and tools for DT management, also in the context of Industrie 4.0 concepts, such as the asset administration shell (AAS), the international data spaces (IDS), and IEC standards (such as OPC UA and AML). As a tool example for the support of DT engineering and management, the Fraunhofer-advanced AAS tools for digital twins (FA3ST) are presented in more detail.

Networking of Digital Twins in the Digital Factory for Single Part Manufacturing Simulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Olbort ◽  
Vladimir Kutscher ◽  
Maximilian Moser ◽  
Reiner Anderl
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Production Lines ◽  
Digital Factory ◽  
Manufacturing Simulation ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
A Value ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Single Part

Abstract Organizing manufacturing in dynamic networks instead of inflexible production lines is one of the key aspects of Industry 4.0. This should serve to realize automation and effectiveness to a higher degree than previously achievable. For this modernization, Cyber-Physical Systems should be utilized, where a Digital Twin mirrors the behavior of its Physical Twin and makes the data during manufacturing externally available via communication interfaces. This Digital Twin should be an instantiation of a Digital Master, which must meet the requirements for communication in dynamically changing value-added networks. The networking capability of objects requires semantic information. This information is associated with rules for decision making within a value-added network. This paper addresses the need for research on how to add networking capabilities during the development of Digital Masters. With these added capabilities, the communication between Digital Masters and Twins in terms of a single part manufacturing simulation should be verifiable in a Digital Factory. For this purpose, the concept of this paper aims to outline guidelines on how to add networking capabilities to the single part, machines and other resources needed during manufacturing.

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