scholarly journals Performance of an Isobaric Hybrid Compressed Air Energy Storage System at Minimum Entropy Generation

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sammy Houssainy ◽  
Mohammad Janbozorgi ◽  
Pirouz Kavehpour
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Entropy Generation ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Minimum Entropy ◽  
Minimum Entropy Generation

Abstract Efficient, large-scale, and cost-effective energy storage systems provide a means of managing the inherent intermittency of renewable energy sources and drastically increasing their utilization. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) and its derivative architectures have received much attention as a viable solution; however, optimization objectives for these systems have not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. A hybrid thermal and compressed air energy storage (HT-CAES) system is investigated that mitigates the shortcomings of the otherwise attractive conventional CAES systems and its derivatives—shortcomings such as strict geological locations, low energy densities, and the production of greenhouse gas emissions. The HT-CAES system allows a portion of the available energy to operate a compressor and the remainder to be converted and stored in the form of heat through joule/resistive heating in a high-temperature, sensible, thermal energy storage medium. Internally reversible and irreversible HT-CAES system assumptions were investigated, in addition to regenerative and non-regenerative design configurations. Several system optimization criteria were examined—including maximum energy efficiency, maximum exergy efficiency, maximum work output, and minimum entropy generation—with a focus on whether the latter may lead to conclusive design guidelines in a real system. It is shown that an HT-CAES system designed based on a minimum entropy generation objective may operate at a lower energy and exergy efficiency as well as lower output power than otherwise achievable. Furthermore, optimization objective equivalence is shown to be limited to certain design conditions.

Loss analysis of the shrouded radial-inflow turbine for compressed air energy storage

2020 ◽  
pp. 095765092094784
Author(s):  
Ziyi Shao ◽  
Wen Li ◽  
Aiting Li ◽  
Xing Wang ◽  
Xuehui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Entropy Generation ◽  
Velocity Ratio ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Suction Surface ◽  
Loss Mechanism ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Radial Turbine ◽  
Radial Inflow Turbine

The shrouded radial-inflow turbine is widely employed as a power generation device in the compressed air energy storage (CAES) system. The loss mechanism and off-designed performance of the shrouded radial turbine are lesser known hitherto and should be deeply understood. Loss analyses of a shrouded radial turbine are conducted numerically based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics in the current study. The relationship between losses and the secondary flow has been discussed in detail. A high proportion of loss in the rotor and outblock passage is found under off-designed conditions. The secondary vortex cores and wake are the primary sources of energy dissipation, while the entropy generation mainly appears at the edge of secondary vortices. The suction-surface separation expands as the velocity ratio is decreased, making the high entropy generation scope on the cross-sectional plane wider. Reducing the seal clearance and avoiding the low velocity ratio conditions are quite necessary to reduce losses. It is recommended the outlet passage should be designed longer than the length of rotor axial chord for a uniform outflow.

A Thermodynamic Model of a High Temperature Hybrid Compressed Air Energy Storage System for Grid Storage

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sammy Houssainy ◽  
Reza Baghaei Lakeh ◽  
H. Pirouz Kavehpour
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Storage Systems

Human activity is overloading our atmosphere with carbon dioxide and other global warming emissions. These emissions trap heat, increase the planet’s temperature, and create significant health, environmental, and climate issues. Electricity production accounts for more than one-third of U.S. global warming emissions, with the majority generated by coal-fired power plants. These plants produce approximately 25 percent of total U.S. global warming emissions. In contrast, most renewable energy sources produce little to no global warming emissions. Unfortunately, generated electricity from renewable sources rarely provides immediate response to electrical demands, as the sources of generation do not deliver a regular supply easily adjustable to consumption needs. This has led to the emergence of storage as a crucial element in the management of energy, allowing energy to be released into the grid during peak hours and meet electrical demands. Compressed air energy storage can potentially allow renewable energy sources to meet electricity demands as reliably as coal-fired power plants. Most compressed air energy storage systems run at very high pressures, which possess inherent problems such as equipment failure, high cost, and inefficiency. This research aims to illustrate the potential of compressed air energy storage systems by illustrating two different discharge configurations and outlining key variables, which have a major impact on the performance of the storage system. Storage efficiency is a key factor to making renewable sources an independent form of sustainable energy. In this paper, a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of a compressed air energy storage system is presented. Specifically, a detailed study of the first law of thermodynamics of the entire system is presented followed by a thorough analysis of the second law of thermodynamics of the complete system. Details of both discharge and charge cycles of the storage system are presented. The first and second law based efficiencies of the system are also presented along with parametric studies, which demonstrates the effects of various thermodynamic cycle variables on the total round-trip efficiency of compressed air energy storage systems.

Study on Optimization of Pressure Ratio Distribution in Multistage Compressed Air Energy Storage System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang Chen ◽  
Tong Zhu ◽  
Huayu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Storage System ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Ratio Distribution

Compressed air energy storage is an effective energy storage technology to solve the instability of wind power in distributed energy resources. In this paper, a multistage compressed air energy storage system optimization model is constructed based on the energy conservation equation. Then the system is optimized by differential evolution to improve the system efficiency. Optimal pressure ratios are proposed to distribute the pressures of compressors and expanders. The impact of pressure ratio distribution curve on the system energy efficiency suggests that the change curve of the characteristics vary in different heat exchanger performance. Results show that the change of thermal transfer reactor performance leads to the variety of optimal distribution pressure ratio and energy efficiency of the system. In addition, the differential ratio distribution factor can be effective on the pressure ratio of reasonable allocation. System efficiency optimization results increased by about 1% compared mean value.

Compressed Air Energy Storage Flow and Power Analysis

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Darwish ◽  
Robert F. Boehm
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Time History ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Discharge Process ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Underground Caverns ◽  
Charging And Discharging Processes

It is being recognized that an increase in the electricity generated from central facilities of time-varying renewable energy sources will require some means of smoothing the variations with time. While thermal storage may be appropriate for solar trough and tower plants, additional approaches for storage might prove to be beneficial for other types of generation schemes. One approach to storage that has been examined to varying degrees over the years is Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES). Compressed air can be supplied to large size tanks or underground caverns, and later this stored air can be used to generate power to shave the peak demand of electricity or maintain nearly uniform levels of power generation. The tank discharge process is time dependent on the temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate of the air leaving. Of course, this time dependency also affects the power output of the system. In the following analysis an attempt was given to determine: 1- an analysis of the charging and discharging processes; 2- a power-time relation during the discharge process; 3- an approximation for the size required for a certain energy generated (m3/MW h) as a function of the initial air pressure; 4- a relation between the discharge area and the time to stabilize the mass flow; and 5- a supplemental heat input is examined in the discharge process to maintain nearly constant discharge power. Using a thermodynamic analysis for the system the power-time history is found.

scholarly journals Comparing Subsurface Energy Storage Systems: Underground Pumped Storage Hydropower, Compressed Air Energy Storage and Suspended Weight Gravity Energy Storage

2020 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Javier Menéndez ◽  
Falko Schmidt ◽  
Jorge Loredo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
System Control ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Power System Control ◽  
Underground Reservoir ◽  
Pumped Storage

In the current energy context, intermittent and non-dispatchable renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar photovoltaic (generation does not necessarily correspond to demand), require flexible solutions to store energy. Energy storage systems (ESS) are able to balance the intermittent and volatile generation outputs of variable renewable energies (VRE). ESS provide ancillary services such as: frequency, primary and voltage control to the power grid. In order to fulfil the power system control, ESS can switch within seconds for different operation modes. Many times, ESS imply environment impacts on landscape and society. To solve this problem, disused underground spaces, such as closed mines, can be used as underground reservoir for energy storage plants. In this paper, a comparative analysis between underground pumped storage hydropower (UPSH), compressed air energy storage (CAES) and suspended weight gravity energy storage (SWGES) with suspended weights in abandoned mine shafts is carried out. Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) is the most mature concept and account for 99% of bulk storage capacity worldwide. The results obtained show that in UPSH and CAES plants, the amount of stored energy depends mainly on the underground reservoir capacity, while in SWGES plants depends on the depth of the mine shafts and the mass. The energy stored in a SWGES plant (3.81 MWh cycle-1 with 600 m of usable depth assuming 3,000 tonne suspended weight) is much lower than UPSH and CAES plants.

New Compressed Air Energy Storage Concept Improves the Profitability of Existing Simple Cycle, Combined Cycle, Wind Energy, and Landfill Gas Power Plants

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Nakhamkin ◽  
Ronald H. Wolk ◽  
Sep van der Linden ◽  
Manu Patel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Ambient Temperatures

The proposed novel compressed air energy storage (CAES) concept is based on the utilization of capacity reserves of combustion turbine (CT) and combined cycle (CC) plants for the peak power generation, instead of development of highly customized and expensive turbo-machinery trains. These power reserves are particularly high during high ambient temperatures that correspond to typical summer peak power requirements. The stored compressed air will be injected into the CT after the compressor diffuser to supplement the reduced (due to high ambient temperature or altitudes) mass flow, through the turbine to the full potential (typically achieved at low ambient temperatures). The alternative concept, with stored compressed air, is humidification before injection into the CT, this reduces the auxiliary compressor size, the storage volume and associated costs. Power increase of up to 25% can be realized, coincidental with that which is typical for a CAES plant, significant reduction in the heat rate and emissions. The novel CAES concept reduces specific plant costs by a factor of two, which makes it particularly effective for integration with renewable energy sources, like wind energy plants and landfill gas (LFG) plants. The paper also presents an alternative small capacity CAES plant, which is based on using smaller man-made storage facilities (high pressure pipes and/or vessels), either underground or above ground that can be readily constructed at CT sites without specific geological requirements. The latter part of this paper specifically concentrates on integration of CAES with wind and landfill gas (LFG) plants.

scholarly journals Impact of compressed air energy storage system into diesel power plant with wind power penetration

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1553
Author(s):  
Abdulla Ahmed ◽  
Tong Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Power System ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage

<p>The wind energy plays an important role in power system because of its renewable, clean and free energy. However, the penetration of wind power (WP) into the power grid system (PGS) requires an efficient energy storage systems (ESS). compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is one of the most ESS technologies which can alleviate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources (RES). Nyala city power plant in Sudan has been chosen as a case study because the power supply by the existing power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) of diesel power plant (DPP) with the integration of CAES and PW. The optimization problem is modeled and coded in MATLAB which solved with solver GORUBI 8.0. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into PGS with ESS and helpful in power system operation management.</p>

scholarly journals A GIS-MCDA Approach Addressing Economic-Social-Environmental Concerns for Selecting the Most Suitable Compressed Air Energy Storage Reservoirs

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6793
Author(s):  
Catarina R. Matos ◽  
Júlio F. Carneiro ◽  
Patrícia Pereira da Silva ◽  
Carla O. Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Simple Additive Weighting

This article presents an assessment of the most suitable compressed air energy storage (CAES) reservoirs and facilities to better integrate renewable energy into the electricity grid. The novelty of this study resides in selecting the best CAES reservoir sites through the application of a multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) tool, specifically the simple additive weighting (SAW) method. Besides using geographic information systems (GIS) spatial representation of potential reservoir areas, for the MCDA method, several spatial criteria, environmental and social constraints, and positive incentives (e.g., the proximity to existing power generation facilities of renewable energy sources) were contemplated. As a result, sixty-two alternatives or potential reservoir sites were identified, and thirteen criteria (seven constraints and six incentives) were considered. The final stage of this study consisted of conducting a sensitivity analysis to determine the robustness of the solutions obtained and giving insights regarding each criterion’s influence on the reservoir sites selected. The three best suitable reservoir sites obtained were the Monte Real salt dome, Sines Massif, and the Campina de Cima—Loulé salt mine. The results show that this GIS-MCDA methodological framework, integrating spatial and non-spatial information, proved to provide a multidimensional view of the potential reservoir CAES systems incorporating both constraints and incentives.

Large-scale compressed air energy storage in porous media in a 100% renewable energy supply future

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firdovsi Gasanzade ◽  
Fahim Sadat ◽  
Ilja Tuschy ◽  
Sebastian Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
The Future

&lt;p&gt;Compressed air energy storage (CAES) in porous formations is one option to compensate the expected fluctuations in energy supply in future energy systems with a 100% share of renewable energy sources. Mechanical energy is stored as pressurized air in a subsurface porous formation using off-peak power, and released during peak demand using a turbine for power generation. Depending on share and type of renewable energy sources in the future, different storage capacities and storage power rates will have to be satisfied to compensate fluctuating nature of the renewable power supply. Therefore, this study investigates scenarios for subsurface compressed air energy storage using four potential future energy system development pathways. Because for CAES subsurface processes and power generation are strongly linked via reservoir pressure and flow rates, coupled power plant and geostorage model has to be developed and employed to evaluate potential operation conditions for such a storage technique.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, a diabatic CAES is designed, with a three-stage compression and a two-stage expansion with heat recuperator in the power plant and a porous formation as a storage formation with 20 m thickness in an anticline trap structure at a depth between 700 and 1500 m. A withdrawal rate of 115 MW and a total stored energy of up to 348 GWh per year are derived from the future energy system scenarios. Scenario simulations are carried out by coupling the open-source thermal engineering TESPy code and the multiphase-multicomponent ECLIPSE flow simulator using highly fluctuating load profiles with a time resolution of one hour. In addition to the diabatic CAES, two adiabatic concepts are considered for the same geostorage configuration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results show that nine vertical storage wells are sufficient to deliver the target air mass flow rates required by the power plant during 98% of the year. Flow rate limitation occurs due to bottom hole pressure limits either during the injection or the withdrawal phases, depending on the specific load profile of the future energy systems, as well as the prior operation conditions. Thus, our scenario simulation shows that one porous media CAES site can cover all expected load profiles and balance the expected offsets between energy demand and energy supply up to the GWh scale. Balancing of the energy system at the national level can be achieved by up-scaling of the results obtained in this study.&lt;/p&gt;

Design of a Modular Solid-Based Thermal Energy Storage for a Hybrid Compressed Air Energy Storage System

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Baghaei Lakeh ◽  
Ian C. Villazana ◽  
Sammy Houssainy ◽  
Kevin R. Anderson ◽  
H. Pirouz Kavehpour
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage

The share of renewable energy sources in the power grid is showing an increasing trend world-wide. Most of the renewable energy sources are intermittent and have generation peaks that do not correlate with peak demand. The stability of the power grid is highly dependent on the balance between power generation and demand. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) systems have been utilized to receive and store the electrical energy from the grid during off-peak hours and play the role of an auxiliary power plant during peak hours. Using Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems with CAES technology is shown to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost of generated power. In this study, a modular solid-based TES system is designed to store thermal energy converted from grid power. The TES system stores the energy in the form of internal energy of the storage medium up to 900 K. A three-dimensional computational study using commercial software (ANSYS Fluent) was completed to test the performance of the modular design of the TES. It was shown that solid-state TES, using conventional concrete and an array of circular fins with embedded heaters, can be used for storing heat for a high temperature hybrid CAES (HTH-CAES) system.

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