scholarly journals One-Dimensional Modeling of Mechanical and Friction Losses Distribution in a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Tormos ◽  
Jaime Martín ◽  
Diego Blanco-Cavero ◽  
Antonio J. Jiménez-Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Road ◽  
Ring Assembly ◽  
1D Model ◽  
Mechanical Elements

Abstract As the road transport accounts between 15%–18% of worldwide CO2 emissions, the automotive sector has a deep commitment to mitigate global warming. Consequently, stricter regulations have been adopted by the European Union and worldwide to reduce that big impact. Approximately, 10% of the energy generated by fuel combustion in the engine is destined to the auxiliaries components activation and the movement of mechanical elements with relative motion between themselves. A reduction on that figure or alternatively a mechanical efficiency improvement can be directly translated on target alignment. The aim of this work is developing a model to predict the mechanical and friction losses and its distribution in a four-stroke direct injection-diesel engine and simulating different strategies, which increment the engine efficiency. A 1D model has been developed and fitted in gt-suite based on the experimental results of a 1.6-L diesel engine. Additionally, a description of the tribological performance has been realized in different parts of the engine where friction is present. Finally, the engine friction maps have been broken down in order to quantify the friction losses produced in the piston ring assembly, crankshaft bearings, and valvetrain.

scholarly journals Planning and valorization of the branch Xa of Corridor X from the aspects of external costs

Pomorstvo ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luka Vukić ◽  
Tanja Poletan Jugović
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
External Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Road ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Structure Of Trade

Branch Xa of Pan-European Transport Corridor X has a strategic importance for Croatia since this corridor (Corridor branch) enables linking of Croatia with Slovenia and Austria, which, according to the current data on the structure of trade in goods from countries, is counted among five most important Croatian trading partners. Therefore, the valorization of the branch of Corridor X has unquestionable importance for the Croatian economy and the associated surroundings that gravitate in the transport route. Conditional on the numerous geo-transport and socioeconomic factors, the valorization of transport corridor on the transport market is determined also by the value of transport (traffic) services that are determined by the costs incurred in its production. Accordingly, the underlying problem of the present study is to analyze the external costs of the branch of Corridor X which, although, belong to the category of social costs borne by society, have the intention to become, over various regulatory measures (excise), an integral part of the costs of the conveyor. With the aim of the research in this study, which, generally, supports the need for internalization of the external costs, as the essential factors of valorization of the transport corridors, a comparative analysis of external costs of the branch of Corridor X between the road and rail transport was performed. As input data, the results of in-depth analysis were used, resulting from the studies of the European Commission for the European Union, specifically Studies for Corridor X and Studies on East-Mediterranean transport routes. The research results show that the mean values of external costs of freight rail transport on the branch Xa are almost five times fewer than the average value of external costs of road transport and that, in accordance with the purpose of these investigations, the internalization of external costs is unquestionably required for planning the traffic flows and valorization of the route.

Comparison of Diesel Engine Efficiency and Combustion Characteristics Between Different Bore Engines

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jue Li ◽  
Timothy J. Jacobs ◽  
Tushar Bera ◽  
Michael A. Parkes
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Brake Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
The Difference

This study investigates the effects of engine bore size on diesel engine performance and combustion characteristics, including in-cylinder pressure, ignition delay, burn duration, and fuel conversion efficiency, using experiments between two diesel engines of different bore sizes. This study is part of a larger effort to discover how fuel property effects on combustion, engine efficiency, and emissions may change for differently sized engines. For this specific study, which is centered only on diagnosing the role of engine bore size on engine efficiency for a typical fuel, the engine and combustion characteristics are investigated at various injection timings between two differently sized engines. The two engines are nearly identical, except bore size, stroke length, and consequently displacement. Although most of this diagnosis is done with experimental results, a one-dimensional model is also used to calculate turbulence intensities with respect to geometric factors; these results help to explain observed differences in heat transfer characteristics of the two engines. The results are compared at the same brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and show that engine bore size has a significant impact on the indicated efficiency. It is found that the larger bore engine has a higher indicated efficiency than the smaller displaced engine. Although the larger engine has higher turbulence intensities, longer burn durations, and higher exhaust temperature, the lower surface area to volume ratio and lower reaction temperature leads to lower heat losses to the cylinder walls. The difference in the heat loss to the cylinder walls between the two engines is found to increase with increasing engine load. In addition, due to the smaller volume-normalized friction loss, the larger sized engine also has higher mechanical efficiency. In the net, since the brake efficiency is a function of indicated efficiency and mechanical efficiency, the larger sized engine has higher brake efficiency with the difference in brake efficiency between the two engines increasing with increasing engine load. In the interest of efficiency, larger bore designs for a given displacement (i.e., shorter strokes or few number of cylinders) could be a means for future efficiency gains.

scholarly journals The Strategies of NOx Emission Reduction for Diesel Engines

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao Dao Nam ◽  
Van Vang Le
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Low Temperature Combustion ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Direct Injection Engines ◽  
The Road ◽  
Loading Mode ◽  
On The Road

Diesel engines are more efficient than forced ignition engines but due to diffused combustion and work with high air residue levels, burning products contain soot and NOx, pollutants that work Handling it on the road today still has many technical problems. The technology of organizing the combustion of diesel engines directly affects the level of pollution generated. Direct injection diesel engines have a lower fuel consumption than a combustion engine with a separation of about 10% and a lower level of soot emissions when the engine is operating in local loading mode. However, direct injection engines work noisier and generate more pollutants (NOx, HC). Today, this type of combustion chamber is only used for heavy-duty truck engines. Limiting the optimal emission level for diesel engines needs to balance the concentration of the two main pollutants, NOx and soot. Low temperature combustion (LTC) engines need different enabling technologies depending on the fuel and strategy used to achieve combustion of the premixed fuel–air mixture. Controlling the combustion rate is one of the major challenges in LTC engines, particularly in PPCI combustion engine to achieve higher thermal efficiency, the desired phasing of combustion timings is essential even at moderate combustion rates. Present chapter describes the combustion control variables and control strategies used for LTC engines. Various methods demonstrated to control the LTC engines can be categorized in to two main strategies: (i) altering pressure–temperature and (ii) altering fuel reactivity of the charge.

scholarly journals Digital Recording Devices is Element of Safety of the Road Transport

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Marcin Rychter ◽  
Piotr Sułek
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Driving Time ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Abstract The duty of applying recorders in the road transport was implemented in states of the European Union on regulations (EWG) no. 3820 / 85 on harmonizations of some social welfare legislation referring to the transport, which was changing with regulation (EWG) no. 3821/85 on recorders applied in the road transport. The duty of implementation of the digital tachograph is also considered in the context of improving road safety. Through the analysis of the records of the registering devices can be defined in each specific case of speeding by more than the allowable value in the area. Technical requirements for your device recorded in the resolution, which defines the main parameters, are measured, among things other, the traversed path length of the car, speed, time driving, other periods of work, politeness of the driver and the correct operation of the check authorized for those authorities. At present led Regulation (EU) No 165/2014 of European Parliament establishing requirements concerning structure, checking, installation, use and repairs of tachographs and their building blocks is implementing the second generation of the digital tachographs connected with the device GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System). Organizing the early detection from a distance is showing data officers from the digital tachograph and information concerning mass and mass falling on the wasp of the entire team of vehicles. Experience in work, economic pressures and competition in transport has led the drivers through a transport company in the event noncompliance, and in particular, in relation to the driving time and breaks. This article contains responsibilities after part rest on the drivers of vehicles takes the issues of system security and optimum performance of recording devices.

Acceptability of Transport Pricing Measures Among Public and Professionals in Europe

2003 ◽  
Vol 1839 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Link ◽  
John Polak
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
The Road ◽  
Factors Influencing

Transport pricing has been an actively debated topic in the European Union for a number of years. This debate has been stimulated both by the European Commission policy and by a multitude of national policy initiatives. A central theme in this debate is the issue of the public and (linked to this) political acceptability of pricing measures. Indeed, concerns about acceptability now constitute the most significant single barrier to implementation, especially in the road transport sector. The results of recent research undertaken on behalf of the European Commission into the acceptability of different transport pricing measures to professionals and citizens and the factors influencing their acceptability are reported.

Romanian Model for Road Sector Restructuring

2003 ◽  
Vol 1848 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Richard Robinson ◽  
Michael M. Stanciu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Road ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency

During the last 20 years of the Communist regime in Romania, the road network was allowed to fall into decline. But since 1993 Romania’s plans for accession to the European Union have led to an increased emphasis on effectiveness and efficiency of the road transport system, and plans have been prepared and implemented for restructuring the road sector. Progress in the restructuring is charted in the areas of road sector financing, management, and regulatory and institutional development. Efficiencies have resulted from greater specificity of operations and increased use of competition. There have been remarkably few losses resulting from this process. The approach adopted in Romania provides a simple framework that has potential for application throughout Central and Eastern Europe, and perhaps more widely, for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of road network management arrangements.

Layer-by-layer mixing in engines with direct gasoline injection

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Working Process ◽  
Layered Charge

Features of the design and operation of engines with direct injection of gasoline into the cylinders and layer-by-layer mixing are considered. Opportunities of improving the engine fuel efficiency and exhaust gases toxicity characteristics with this organization of the working process are shown. Problems arising when organizing such a working process of a gasoline engine are noted. Keywords internal combustion engine; diesel engine; gasoline engine; direct injection; layer-by-layer mixing; layered charge; lean mixture

A CFD Study on Heavy Duty DI Diesel Engine to Achieve Ultra-Low Emissions

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yilmaz ◽  
H. Koten ◽  
M. Zafer Gul
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spray Angle ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Multiphase Model ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Start Of Injection ◽  
Main Injection

Nowadays, automotive industries focused on clean diesel combustion in their combustion processes are investigated for their potential to achieve near zero particulate and NOx (Nitrogen oxides) emissions. Their main disadvantages are increased level of unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, combustion control at high load, power output and limited operating range. The simulation of the air flow, spray and combustion in an internal combustion engine were prepared for a single cylinder of a nine-liter, six cylinder diesel engine. Many times the geometry is complex because moving pistons and valves are involved, which makes it difficult to generate structured mesh. In-cylinder spray-air motion interaction, a Lagrangian multiphase model has been applied in a heavy-duty CI engine under direct injection conditions. A comprehensive model for atomization of liquid sprays under high injection pressures has been employed. Three dimensional CFD calculations of the intake, compression and power strokes have been carried out with different spray angle, spray profile and start of injection. A new combustion model ECFM-3Z (Extended Coherent Flame Model) developed at IFP is used for combustion modeling. Finally, a calculation on an engine configuration with compression, spray injection and combustion in a direct injection Diesel engine is presented. In this study, exhaust emissions, and particularly the emission of NOx, CO and soot derived from premixed combustion are investigated, and the relationship between combustion and emission characteristics are showed. The calculated CFD simulation in different combustion cases was compared. The cases were prepared by changing the parameters: start of injection, spray angle and spray profile. Modeling of combustion proposed in the present study can be outlined as follows. NOx concentration is decreased by combustion of a over lean-mixture modeled by the pre-injection. Most of pre-mixture is combusted by main-injection, and therefore the amount of pre-injection and main-injection come into prominence. The results are greatly in agreement qualitatively with the previous experimental and computational studies in the literature.

Cotton Seed FAME Combustion and Emissions Research in a DI Diesel Engine

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Soloiu ◽  
Jabeous Weaver ◽  
Henry Ochieng ◽  
Marvin Duggan ◽  
Sherwin Davoud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
A Value ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Low Sulfur

This study investigates the combustion characteristics of cotton seed fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), with C100 (100% cotton seed biodiesel) and C20 (20% cotton seed biodiesel, 80% ultra-low sulfur diesel #2), in a direct injection diesel engine and compares the results with ultra-low sulfur diesel #2 (ULSD#2). The dynamic viscosity of C100 was found to meet the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. The lower heating value obtained for C100 was 37.7 MJ/kg, compared to 42.7 MJ/kg for ULSD#2. ULSD#2 and C100 displayed ignition delays of 9.6 crank angle degrees (CAD) and 7 CAD representing 1.14 ms and 0.83 ms respectively and a combustion time of 4ms (35 CAD) at 1400 rpm and 8 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) (100% load). The apparent heat release of the tested fuels at 8 bar IMEP showed both a premixed and diffusion phase and produced maximum values of 122 and 209 J/CAD for C100 and ULSD#2 respectively, with a decreasing trend occurring with increase in percentage of FAME. The 50% mass burnt (CA50) for 100% biodiesel was found to be 3 CAD advanced, compared with ULSD#2. The maximum total heat flux rates showed a value of 3.2 MW/m2 for ULSD#2 at 8 bar IMEP with a 6% increase observed for C100. Mechanical efficiency of ULSD#2 was 83% and presented a 5.35% decrease for C100, while the overall efficiency was 36% for ULSD#2 and 33% for C100 at 8 bar IMEP. The nitrogen oxides (NOx) for C100 presented an 11% decrease compared with ULSD#2. Unburned hydrocarbons value (UHC) for ULSD#2 was 2.8 g/kWh at 8 bar IMEP, and improved by 18% for C100. The carbon monoxide (CO) emissions for C100 decreased by 6% when compared to ULSD#2 at 3 bar IMEP but were relatively constant at 8 bar IMEP, presenting a value of 0.82 g/kWh for both fuels. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for C100 increased by 1% compared with ULSD#2, at 3 bar IMEP. The soot value for ULSD#2 was 1.5 g/kWh and presented a 42% decrease for C100 at 8 bar IMEP. The results suggest a very good performance of cotton seed biodiesel, even at very high content of 100%, especially on the emissions side that showed decreasing values for regulated and non-regulated species.

scholarly journals Overview of recent cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union (September 2020-December 2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Pauline Melin
Keyword(s):  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Road ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Grand Chamber ◽  
Primary Carer

The reporting period (September 2020-December 2020) was a particularly intense time in terms of important judgments on social security with no fewer than four judgments from the Grand Chamber of the Court. This overview reports five cases in total. First, there are three cases on the Posted Workers Directive. The first two are on the dismissal of the annulment procedures regarding the adoption of the new Posted Workers Directive (Directive 2018/957) started by Hungary (C-620/18) and Poland (C-626/18). Then, the FNV case (C-815/18), which is on the application of the Posted Workers Directive (Directive 96/71) to the transnational provision of services in the road transport sector, is discussed. The overview continues onto other subjects, with a follow-up of the Dano and Alimanovic saga in the Job Center Krefeld case (C-181/19), which relates to the access to social assistance for a job-seeker who is the primary carer of a child receiving education in the host Member State. From there, commentary is given on the A v. Veselï bas ministrija case, which deals with the difficult balance between the freedom of religion and the system of prior authorization for planned healthcare. Finally, the Syndicat CFTC case (C-463/19) is reviewed, and it concerns the conditions under which an additional maternity leave can be reserved to female workers without being considered as discriminatory.

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