Synthesis of Pontryagin's Maximum Principle Analysis for Speed Profile Optimization of All-Electric Vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Abbas ◽  
Youngki Kim ◽  
Jason B. Siegel ◽  
Denise M. Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Maximum Principle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Pontryagin’S Maximum Principle ◽  
Pontryagin's Maximum Principle ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Component Size ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption

This paper presents a study of the energy-efficient operation of all-electric vehicles leveraging route information, such as road grade, to adjust the velocity trajectory. First, Pontryagin's maximum principle (PMP) is applied to derive necessary conditions and to determine the possible operating modes. The analysis shows that only five modes are required to achieve minimum energy consumption: full propulsion, cruising, coasting, full regeneration, and full regeneration with conventional braking. Then, the minimum energy consumption problem is reformulated and solved in the distance domain using dynamic programming to find the optimal speed profiles. Various simulation results are shown for a lightweight autonomous military vehicle. The sensitivity of energy consumption to regenerative-braking power limits and trip time is investigated. These studies provide important information that can be used in designing component size and scheduling operation to achieve the desired vehicle range.

scholarly journals Optimization of Energy-Efficient Speed Profile for Electrified Vehicles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Abbas ◽  
Youngki Kim ◽  
Jason B. Siegel ◽  
Denise M. Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
System A ◽  
Trip Time ◽  
Route Information

This paper presents a study of energy-efficient operation of vehicles with electrified powertrains leveraging route information, such as road grades, to adjust the speed trajectory. First, Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle (PMP) is applied to derive necessary conditions and to determine the possible operating modes. The analysis shows that only 5 modes are required to achieve minimum energy consumption; full propulsion, cruising, coasting, full regeneration, and full regeneration with conventional braking. The minimum energy consumption problem is reformulated and solved in the distance domain using Dynamic Programming to optimize speed profiles. A case study is shown for a light weight military robot including road grades. For this system, a tradeoff between energy consumption and trip time was found. The optimal cycle uses 20% less energy for the same trip duration, or could reduce the travel time by 14% with the same energy consumption compared to the baseline operation.

scholarly journals Speed profile optimization of an electrified train in Cat Linh-Ha Dong metro line based on pontryagin's maximum principle

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
An Thi Hoai Thu Anh ◽  
Nguyen Van Quyen ◽  
Nguyen Thanh Hai ◽  
Nguyen Van Lien ◽  
Vu Hoang Phuong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Maximum Principle ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Pontryagin’S Maximum Principle ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Speed Profile ◽  
Pontryagin's Maximum Principle ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Train Operation ◽  
Profile Optimization

An urban railway is a complex technical system that consumes large amounts of energy, but this means of transportation still has been obtained more and more popularity in densely populated cities because of its features of high-capacity transportation capability, high speed, security, punctuality, lower emission, reduction of traffic congestion. The improved energy consumption and environment are two of the main objectives for future transportation. Electrified trains can meet these objectives by the recuperation and reuse of regenerative braking energy and by the energy - efficient operation. Two methods are to enhance energy efficiency: one is to improve technology (e.g., using energy storage system, reversible or active substations to recuperate regenerative braking energy, replacing traction electric motors  by energy-efficient traction system as permanent magnet electrical motors; train's mass reduction by lightweight material mass...); the other is to improve operational procedures (e.g. energy efficient driving including: eco-driving; speed profile optimization; Driving Advice System (DAS); Automatic Train Operation (ATO); traffic management optimization...). Among a lot of above solutions for saving energy, which one is suitable for current conditions of metro lines in Vietnam. The paper proposes the optimization method based on Pontryagin's Maximum Principle (PMP) to find the optimal speed profile for electrified train of Cat Linh-Ha Dong metro line, Vietnam in an effort to minimize the train operation energy consumption.

scholarly journals Optimal Speed Profile Determination with Fixed Trip Time in the Electric Train Operation of the Cat Linh-Ha Dong Metro Line based on Pontryagin's Maximum Principle

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 6488-6493
Author(s):  
T. T. T. A. Anh ◽  
N. V. Quyen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Maximum Principle ◽  
Pontryagin’S Maximum Principle ◽  
Speed Profile ◽  
Saving Energy ◽  
Pontryagin's Maximum Principle ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Optimal Speed ◽  
Trip Time ◽  
Train Operation

The significant energy consumption for railway electric transportation operation poses a great challenge in outlining saving energy solutions. Speed profile optimization based on optimal control theory is one of the most common methods to improve energy efficiency without the railway infrastructure investment costs. The paper proposes an optimization method based on Pontryagin's Maximum Principle (PMP), not only to find optimal switching points in three operation phases: accelerating, coasting, braking, and from these switching points being able to determine the optimal speed profile, but also to ensure fixed-trip time. In order to determine trip time abiding by the scheduled timetables by applying nonlinear programming puts the Lagrange multiplier λ in the objective function regarded as a time constraint condition. The correctness and energy effectiveness of this method have been verified by the simulation results with data collected from the electrified trains of the Cat Linh-Ha Dong metro line in Vietnam. The saving energy levels are compared in three scenarios: electrified train operation tracking the original speed profile (energy consumption of the route: 144.64kWh), train operation tracking the optimal speed profile without fixed-trip time (energy consumption of the route: 129.18kWh), and train operation tracking the optimal speed profile and fixed trip time (energy consumption of the route: 132.99kWh) in an effort to give some useful choices for operating metro lines.

scholarly journals Optimization of MFA parameters for harrowing crops with simultaneous fertilization

2021 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
pp. 03004
Author(s):  
Alexander Serguntsov ◽  
Leonid Alekseenko
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Operating Speed ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
Winter Crops

The calculation of the energy intensity of the harrowing process of winter crops with simultaneous fertilization is theoretically justified by drawing up a flowchart with a step-by-step calculation of the parameters and operating modes of a multifunctional unit. The flowchart shows the parameters and operating modes that are set and that need to be calculated to achieve the goal of calculating energy intensity. In the course of calculations, we constructed the dependence of energy consumption on the operating speed, that is, we determined the minimum energy consumption at maximum power when using a multifunctional unit.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Energy Consumption and Recovery of Autonomous Fuel-Cell Hydrogen–Electric Vehicles Using Different Powertrains Based on Regenerative Braking and Electronic Stability Control System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2515
Author(s):  
Ahmet Yildiz ◽  
Mert Ali Özel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Stability Control ◽  
Electronic Stability Control ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption

Today, with the increasing transition to electric vehicles (EVs), the design of highly energy-efficient vehicle architectures has taken precedence for many car manufacturers. To this end, the energy consumption and recovery rates of different powertrain vehicle architectures need to be investigated comprehensively. In this study, six different powertrain architectures—four independent in-wheel motors with regenerative electronic stability control (RESC) and without an RESC, one-stage gear (1G) transmission, two-stage gear (2G) transmission, continuously variable transmission (CVT) and downsized electric motor with CVT—were mathematically modeled and analyzed under real road conditions using nonlinear models of an autonomous hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicle (HFCEV). The aims of this paper were twofold: first, to compare the energy consumption performance of powertrain architectures by analyzing the effects of the regenerative electronic stability control (RESC) system, and secondly, to investigate the usability of a downsized electrical motor for an HFCEV. For this purpose, all the numerical simulations were conducted for the well-known FTP75 and NEDC urban drive cycles. The obtained results demonstrate that the minimum energy consumption can be achieved by a 2G-based powertrain using the same motor; however, when an RESC system is used, the energy recovery/consumption rate can be increased. Moreover, the results of the article show that it is possible to use a downsized electric motor due to the CVT, and this powertrain significantly reduces the energy consumption of the HFCEV as compared to all the other systems. The results of this paper present highly significant implications for automotive manufacturers for designing and developing a cleaner electrical vehicle energy consumption and recovery system.

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