Feasibility Study and Design of an Automatic System for Electronic Components Disassembly

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Marconi ◽  
Giacomo Palmieri ◽  
Massimo Callegari ◽  
Michele Germani
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Automatic System ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Wave Soldering ◽  
Suction Cup ◽  
Electronics Sector

The improvement of the waste management efficiency and sustainability in the electronics sector requires the disassembly and reuse of valuable electronic components, instead of their recycling for precious materials recovery. In this context, this study proposes a robotic system for the disassembly of electronic components, grounded on the revamping of an existing soldering machine. First, the feasibility of an automated process for the end of life (EoL) management of electronic boards is investigated: the disassembly and reuse of electronic components represents a potential cost saving opportunity for producers of industrial electronic boards, other than an effective means to improve the environmental sustainability of the electronics sector. Then, the automatic system has been designed; it is mainly composed by a wave soldering machine, a two-axis manipulator equipped with a suction cup for components picking, and a central control unit to coordinate the motion. Finally, the prototype of the disassembly equipment has been realized. The experimental tests aimed at setting the most relevant process parameters (e.g., working temperatures) and verifying the performance of the developed disassembly equipment. Results confirmed the effectiveness and the reliability of the prototype: all the 450 microprocessors disassembled from 50 boards resulted to be not damaged and thus directly reusable in new boards without the need of additional treatments (e.g., washing).

Automated Disassembly of Electronic Components: Feasibility and Technical Implementation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Palmieri ◽  
Marco Marconi ◽  
David Corinaldi ◽  
Michele Germani ◽  
Massimo Callegari
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Potential Cost Saving ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Robotic Cell ◽  
Management Efficiency ◽  
Electronic Board ◽  
Flexible Robotic Cell ◽  
Automated Disassembly

The paper deals with the feasibility of a flexible robotic cell for the disassembly of electronic components. First, the need for an automated process for the end of life management of electronic boards is motivated: the reuse of electronic components represents a potential cost saving opportunity for a class of electronic board producers, other than an effective means to improve the waste management efficiency and the sustainability of the electronics sector. Then, starting from a state of the art survey, a technical implementation of the cell is proposed. Finally, some preliminary tests of the disassembly equipment, aimed at setting the most relevant process parameters, are described.

Formal and informal waste selective collection in developing megacities: Analysis of residents’ involvement in Bolivia

2020 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2093676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navarro Ferronato ◽  
Marcelo Antonio Gorritty Portillo ◽  
Gabriela Edith Guisbert Lizarazu ◽  
Vincenzo Torretta
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Informal Recycling ◽  
Big City ◽  
Recycling Systems ◽  
Selective Collection

The implementation of waste selective collection (SC) schemes in low-income countries is a challenge although it is one important way for improving environmental sustainability. The inclusion of the population is necessary for gaining effective results, and social surveys are support methods for understanding citizens’ involvement and behaviour. The aim of the research is to assess the support of the citizens concerning the formal and informal recycling in a low–middle income country. The study presents a questionnaire survey conducted in 2018 in La Paz, Bolivia, where 774 citizens were interviewed for evaluating their support to the formal and informal SC systems. Two questionnaires were submitted to two different users’ categories: users of the formal recyclable waste gathering points; and citizens of the neighbourhoods. Evidence of the survey shows that about 8% of the population supports the formal SC while about 48% are used to selecting their waste at home. About 79.2% of them bring the waste to the informal recycling shops or provide it to waste pickers, throwing the waste into or nearby the mixed containers in order to facilitate their collection. This research demonstrates how social inclusion is important for planning recycling systems within a developing big city, starting from the SC. Results suggest that the informal sector can be an effective means for improving the recycling behaviour of the citizens. The study can be of interest to stakeholders involved in introducing recycling policies in developing cities where the SC rate is still low, and informal waste collection exists.

Influence of Tire Parameters on ABS Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Arrigoni ◽  
Federico Cheli ◽  
Paolo Gavardi ◽  
Edoardo Sabbioni
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Relaxation Length ◽  
Slip Ratio ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Longitudinal Stiffness ◽  
Antilock Braking System

ABSTRACT The antilock braking system (ABS) is an active control system, which prevents the wheels from locking-up during severe braking. The ABS control cycle rapidly modulates braking pressure at each wheel mainly based on tire peripheral acceleration. Significant wheel speed oscillations and consequent fast variations of tire longitudinal slip are a consequence, which, in turn, produce a corresponding variation of tire longitudinal force according to the ABS control cycle. Clearly, tire characteristics, namely, tire peak friction (regulating maximum vehicle deceleration), longitudinal stiffness, optimal slip ratio, curvature factor (regulating the position of the peak of μ-slip curve and the subsequent drop), and relaxation length (accounting for tire dynamic response) may significantly influence ABS performance. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the effect of the main tire parameters on ABS performance. This task is, however, very challenging, since tire characteristics are intrinsically related, and the analysis involves interaction between tires, vehicle, and ABS control logic. A methodology based on the hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) technique is used. This approach was selected to overcome limitations of numerical simulations or difficulties related to the execution of on-road experimental tests (repeatability, costs, etc.). The developed HiL test bench includes all the physical elements of the braking system of a vehicle (comprising the ABS control unit) and a 14 degrees of freedom (dofs) vehicle model, which are synchronized by a real-time board. With the developed HiL test bench, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the influence of tire peak friction, longitudinal stiffness, and relaxation length on ABS performance, evaluated in terms of braking distance, mean longitudinal acceleration, and energy distribution.

scholarly journals Optimized sequential method assisting design and implementation of electro-pneumatic/hydraulic circuit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius Abrão da Silva Marques ◽  
Felipe Nascimento Cerqueira Rodrigues ◽  
José Jean-Paul Z. de S. Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Sequential Circuits ◽  
Programmable Logic ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Industrial Automation ◽  
Sequential Method ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Main Components

Abstract Electro-pneumatic circuits returned to be an important topic of research after the need of ventilator due COVID-19. Not only for this type of device but to assist economy restarting, the electro-pneumatic/hydraulic systems will be one of the industrial automation cornerstones after COVID pandemic. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) are one of the main components of these circuits and the standard of industrial automation; however, its application is highly dependent on programmers skills. Usually, electro-pneumatic/hydraulic solutions rely on sequential circuits. Different methods are found in the literature to design that systems, but they involve complex analyzes and intuitive strategies in cases that the actuators extend and retract more than once within the cycle of movements, and within simultaneous movements. As consequence, the resulting circuits mostly require a large number of valves and electronic components in order to be implemented. The objective of this work is to describe a novel method that can be applied in the design and implementation of optimized circuits using PLC's, eliminating intuitive solutions. Examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical procedures and experimental tests performed to validate the method. The results prove the generality of this work, the simplicity of its implementation, and introduce a bridge between design and implementation of electro-pneumatics and electro/hydraulics circuits with PLC's.

Impact of Sustainable Tourism on Tourist’s Satisfaction: Evidence from India

2021 ◽  
pp. 227853372110439
Author(s):  
Sahil Singh Jasrotia ◽  
Manoj Kumar Kamila ◽  
Vinod Kumar Patel
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Sustainable Tourism Development ◽  
Institutional Sustainability ◽  
Relationship Of

The tourism business is the most effective means to strengthen the economic and financial stability of a country. In a developing country like India this business acts as the backbone to improve the level of happiness of its residents. Sustainable tourism provides equal opportunity to every stakeholder to contribute their part in the development of the society as well as the site. The main purpose of the study was to explore the four dimensions of sustainable tourism, which involve “economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, sociocultural sustainability, and institutional sustainability,” and to study their impact on tourist’s satisfaction. This study involves a survey conducted on tourists visiting selected travel destinations from various states in India. The travel destinations selected for the study involved 26 destinations from 8 states of India. The results suggested a positive relationship of three (environmental, sociocultural, and institutional) sustainability dimensions on tourist’s satisfaction. Findings indicate that the dimensions of environment, sociocultural, and institutional sustainability are important for tourist’s satisfaction and should be included for a holistic approach to planning and monitoring sustainable tourism development.

scholarly journals Adaptive calibration for reduced fuel consumption and emissions

2016 ◽  
Vol 230 (14) ◽  
pp. 2002-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Guardiola ◽  
Benjamín Pla ◽  
Pau Bares ◽  
Harald Waschl
Keyword(s):  
Control Unit ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Adaptive Calibration ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions

This paper presents a model-based approach for continuously adapting an engine calibration to the traffic and changing pollutant emission limits. The proposed strategy does not need additional experimental tests beyond those required by the traditional calibration approach. The method utilises information currently available in the engine control unit to adapt the engine control to the particular driving patterns of a given driver. Additional information about the emissions limits should be provided by an external structure if an adaptation to the pollutant immission is required. The proposed strategy has been implemented in a light-duty diesel engine, and showed a good potential to keep NO x emissions around a defined limit.

The Effect of Process on Performance and Reliability in a One Step Silver-Glass Die Attach Adhesive

1991 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Conlon ◽  
C.P. Cameron ◽  
J.W. Lau
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Environmental Testing ◽  
Die Attach ◽  
Tensile Data ◽  
One Step ◽  
Temperature Aging

AbstractSilver-glass die attach adhesives provide a cost effective means of producing high reliability parts which can withstand the environmental testing required of electronic components. One step processing of these adhesives provides the additional advantages of increased throughput and processing flexibility compared to eutectically bonded assemblies.This paper describes the performance of a one step silver-glass die attach adhesive processed under various time and temperature conditions. The effect of peak firing temperature and dwell time on the ultimate tensile strength of the adhesive will be discussed. Tensile data from parts subjected to thermal shock, thermal cycle and high temperature aging will be presented as an indication of the material's long term reliability.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Potential Sustainable Bedding Substrates Focusing on Preference, Behavior, and Stress Physiology in Rats—A Pilot Study

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1375
Author(s):  
Miriam Annika Vogt ◽  
Lisa Marie Joy Geiger ◽  
Talia Härtel ◽  
Philipp Follert ◽  
Rupert Palme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Comprehensive Management ◽  
Experimental Protocols

Ensuring optimal housing conditions for laboratory animals is a crucial prerequisite for high-quality and ethically justifiable in vivo science. In addition to guaranteeing animal welfare and promoting scientific validity, environmental sustainability is also increasingly gaining attention in laboratory animal facilities. Consequently, comprehensive management of such aspects is one of the core tasks of any research vivarium. Hygienic monitoring and adhering to standardized experimental protocols have been highlighted in the past; nevertheless, various environmental aspects of housing animals still need to be evaluated in greater depth. In this pilot study, we aimed at assessing the suitability of spelt and corncob as economical and ecologically friendly bedding substrates as compared with commonly used aspen wood chips. Therefore, following a descriptive study design, we examined the preferences of male and female Wistar rats for corncob and spelt under specific conditions. In addition, we evaluated potential effects on behavior, metabolism, and stress physiology. The type of bedding did not seem to influence behavior in the observed parameters but did have time- and sex-dependent effects on blood glucose. Furthermore, housing animals on spelt led to a significant reduction in food consumption, probably compensated for by the intake of spelt, and although it did not influence glucose levels, it may have certainly impacted the nutrient supply. Our descriptive pilot study, therefore, highlights the importance of a thorough condition-associated evaluation of even seemingly marginal environmental factors, when balancing potential cost-benefit advances in sustainability and questions of standardization and reproducibility of experimental protocols.

Integrated crop-livestock production systems in China

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Hou ◽  
Z. B. Nan ◽  
Y. Z. Xie ◽  
X. L. Li ◽  
H. L. Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Western China ◽  
Karst Region ◽  
Rangeland Degradation ◽  
The People

The integrated crop-livestock production system provides most of the food needed by the people of China. Five types of integrated production systems are recognised; rangeland, grain crops, crop/pasture, agro-silvopastoral and ponds. Development of more sustainable and integrated crop-pasture-rangeland-livestock production systems has been recently achieved. Demonstrations of the integrated systems at household, village and regional levels are occurring for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau, the Hexi Corridor, north-western China and the Karst region of Guizhou Province, south-western China. These indicate that integration of crop, livestock and forage are effective means of improving agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability and farmers’ incomes. Widespread adoption of integrated farming systems should also reduce rangeland degradation.

scholarly journals EP.FRI.16 Use of Pulsed Lavage Reduces the Rate of Surgical Site Infection After Laparotomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bath ◽  
Jordan Powell ◽  
Ismail Ismail ◽  
Michael Machesney
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
General Surgery ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Operative Complication ◽  
Pulsed Lavage

Abstract Aims Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a preventable and common post-operative complication within general surgery. Intra-operative irrigation of surgical incisions is an inexpensive method to reduce post-operative SSI rates, however its use is currently limited to orthopaedic surgery. We aimed to assess the effects of pulsed lavage (PL) irrigation on SSI rates following elective and emergency laparotomies. Methods Elective and emergency patients who underwent a laparotomy between 2018 and 2019 were included. Relevant demographic and peri-operative risk factors collected retrospectively, following STROBE criteria. The primary outcome was rate of superficial SSIs within 30 days of the operation. Independent risk factors were assessed via multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results 176 patients were identified, with an average age of 60.7 ±19.1 years. 82.4% (145/176) were emergencies and the mean ASA grade was 2.8. Fifty two patients (29.5%) had PL used during their operation. Thirty seven patients (29.8%, 37/124) in the control group developed a SSI, compared to seven patients (13.5%, 7/52) in the PL group (p = 0.022). At multi-variate analysis, the use PL conferring an Odds Ratio 0.36 (CI 0.12-0.94, p = 0.047) for developing a SSI. Conclusions PL appears to significantly reduced the rate of SSI following laparotomy. There remains scope to reduce the incidence of this common and expensive post-operative complication, and PL could provide a potential cost-effective means to deliver improved outcomes. Future prospective randomised trials are essential to fully assess its benefits and wider use within general surgery.

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