A Recipe for Optimum Mixing of Polymer Drag Reducers

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wagih Abu Rowin ◽  
R. Sean Sanders ◽  
Sina Ghaemi
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Solution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Solution Viscosity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flexible Structure ◽  
Mechanical Degradation ◽  
Mixing Parameters ◽  
Tank Diameter

Preparation of large-scale homogeneous solutions of drag reducing polymers requires an appropriate mixing procedure to ensure full disentanglement of the polymer chains without chain scission due to over-mixing. The latter is known as mechanical degradation and reduces the performance of drag reducing polymers. The dominant large-scale mixing parameters including time, impeller type, impeller speed, and impeller-to-tank diameter ratio are investigated to obtain a recipe for maximum mixing with minimum polymer degradation. Three water-based solutions of 100 ppm Superfloc A-110 (flexible structure), Magnafloc 5250 (flexible structure), and Xanthan Gum (XG) (rigid structure) are considered. The performance of the mixing parameters for each polymer is evaluated based on the solution viscosity in comparison with the highest viscosity (i.e., optimum mixing) obtained by 2 h of low-shear mixing of a small-scale polymer solution using a magnetic stirrer. The results demonstrate that optimum large-scale mixing is obtained at mean and maximum shear rates of ∼17 s−1 and ∼930 s−1, respectively, after 2–2.5 h of mixing for each of the polymers. This shear rate is obtained here using a three-blade marine impeller operating at 75 rpm and at impeller-to-tank diameter ratio of 0.5. The resulting polymer solution has the highest viscosity, which is an indication of minimal degradation while achieving complete mixing. It is also confirmed that chemical degradation due to contact with a stainless steel impeller is negligible.

Design and Execution of the First Large-Scale Polymer Injection Pilot in Sirikit Oil Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weeraya Wuttipittayamongkol ◽  
Pannapon Trinavarat ◽  
Warisa Nuntaprayoon ◽  
Monrawee Pancharoen ◽  
Rapheephan Laochamroonvorapongse
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mechanical Degradation ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Polymer Injection ◽  
Fluid Saturation ◽  
Water Cut

Abstract Becoming more mature with field-wide water flooding implementation for more than 30 years, Sirikit Oil Field (S1) is going forward to the next rejuvenating step of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Generally, the field contains light oil (40° API) in highly stratified sand-shale sequences with low net-to-gross ratios. High reservoir temperature, low permeability, and high water cut observed from production make it even more challenging for polymer injection projects. Nonetheless, the success from a small-scale field trial has shown a promising future of EOR application in the field and brought an execution of the first large-scale polymer injection pilot. Polymer screening laboratory tests, a reservoir simulation study, data acquisition program and techniques, injectivity tests, polymer injection unit design, and risk assessment were parts of the pilot preparation, in which the key learnings from the previous pilot have been incorporated. The gathering and determination of baseline parameters including production performance, injection profiles, reservoir fluid saturation profiles, etc., were registered for ultimate evaluation. Then, the continuous polymer injection has been started since October 2019 in two separated fault blocks where 12 injectors and 20 producers are located in different injection patterns. During several months of polymer injection, both foreseen and unforeseen changes have enlivened the pilot management. Although the injectivity test with polymer solution prior to the pilot demonstrated no injection difficulty, several wells have shown injectivity deterioration with time. Mechanical degradation is induced in these wells by the installation of flow restriction devices to lessen solution viscosity and, hence, prolong polymer injectivity. Well integrity issues and artificial lift breakdown negatively affect field production and close-in wells make it harder for voidage replacement control. Immediate troubleshooting and close monitoring have been placed and eventually leads to the recognition of encouraging results. Polymer helps improve vertical injection profiles as seen from injection logging. Saturation logging presents a sign of oil saturation decrease around the wellbore area. Reduction of water cut and rise of oil production have pleasantly come after a few months from the start. Intensive surveillance program will be continued over the course of pilot injection. The critical success of the EOR pilot execution depends on the detailed planning, prudent surveillance and comprehensive evaluation. Sirikit oil field is moving to a turning point and the pilot outcome would lead the way to a further milestone, so as to avoid premature end of the field's production.

Pitfalls of Hot-Wire Measurements Due to Transverse Wire Vibration

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris S. Anderson ◽  
O¨zden F. Turan ◽  
S. Eren Semercigil
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Verification ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hot Wire ◽  
Spectral Measurements ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Numerical Predictions ◽  
Wire Vibration

Following from numerical predictions and large scale experimental verification, flow measurements are presented to show the effect of transverse wire vibrations on spectral measurements. It has been shown previously that if the first and second natural frequencies of a probe wire are close, it is expected to have favorable dynamic characteristics in turbulent flow. This expectation is confirmed with flow measurements. Further, the traditional sensing length to diameter ratio is reexamined for small scale measurements.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Development of Physics Learning Module Based on Guided Inquiry with Light Wave Material in Class XI of Senior High School

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Evi Rahmawati ◽  
Irnin Agustina Dwi Astuti ◽  
N Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Scientific Skills

IPA Integrated is a place for students to study themselves and the surrounding environment applied in daily life. Integrated IPA Learning provides a direct experience to students through the use and development of scientific skills and attitudes. The importance of integrated IPA requires to pack learning well, integrated IPA integration with the preparation of modules combined with learning strategy can maximize the learning process in school. In SMP 209 Jakarta, the value of the integrated IPA is obtained from 34 students there are 10 students completed and 24 students are not complete because they get the value below the KKM of 68. This research is a development study with the development model of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The use of KPS-based integrated IPA modules (Science Process sSkills) on the theme of rainbow phenomenon obtained by media expert validation results with an average score of 84.38%, average material expert 82.18%, average linguist 75.37%. So the average of all aspects obtained by 80.55% is worth using and tested to students. The results of the teacher response obtained 88.69% value with excellent criteria. Student responses on a small scale acquired an average score of 85.19% with highly agreed criteria and on the large-scale student response gained a yield of 86.44% with very agreed criteria. So the module can be concluded receiving a good response by the teacher and students.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

Managing the impacts of mining on Ghana’s water resources from a legal perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasirudeen Abdul Fatawu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Legal Perspective

Recent floods in Ghana are largely blamed on mining activities. Not only are lives lost through these floods, farms andproperties are destroyed as a result. Water resources are diverted, polluted and impounded upon by both large-scale minersand small-scale miners. Although these activities are largely blamed on behavioural attitudes that need to be changed, thereare legal dimensions that should be addressed as well. Coincidentally, a great proportion of the water resources of Ghana arewithin these mining areas thus the continual pollution of these surface water sources is a serious threat to the environmentand the development of the country as a whole. The environmental laws need to be oriented properly with adequate sanctionsto tackle the impacts mining has on water resources. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure needs to bestreamlined and undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and not the company itself.

RANCANG BANGUN PERANGKAT EKSPERIMENTASI PROSES PIROLISIS BIOMASA GELOMBANG MIKRO

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Fachrizal
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Continuous Model ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Laboratory Apparatus ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Large Scale Model ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

Biomass such as agriculture waste and urban waste are enormous potency as energy resources instead of enviromental problem. organic waste can be converted into energy in the form of liquid fuel, solid, and syngas by using of pyrolysis technique. Pyrolysis process can yield higher liquid form when the process can be drifted into fast and flash response. It can be solved by using microwave heating method. This research is started from developing an experimentation laboratory apparatus of microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass energy conversion system, and conducting preliminary experiments for gaining the proof that this method can be established for driving the process properly and safely. Modifying commercial oven into laboratory apparatus has been done, it works safely, and initial experiments have been carried out, process yields bio-oil and charcoal shortly, several parameters are achieved. Some further experiments are still needed for more detail parameters. Theresults may be used to design small-scale continuous model of productionsystem, which then can be developed into large-scale model that applicable for comercial use.

Mapping global water projects: improving access to donor investment information on the web

Water Policy ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
J. Lisa Jorgensona
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Projects ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Water Project ◽  
The Web

This paper discusses a series of discusses how web sites now report international water project information, and maps the combined donor investment in more than 6000 water projects, active since 1995. The maps show donor investment:  • has addressed water scarcity,  • has improved access to improvised water resources,  • correlates with growth in GDP,  • appears to show a correlation with growth in net private capital flow,  • does NOT appear to correlate with growth in GNI. Evaluation indicates problems in the combined water project portfolios for major donor organizations: •difficulties in grouping projects over differing Sector classifications, food security, or agriculture/irrigation is the most difficult.  • inability to map donor projects at the country or river basin level because 60% of the donor projects include no location data (town, province, watershed) in the title or abstracts available on the web sites.  • no means to identify donor projects with utilization of water resources from training or technical assistance.  • no information of the source of water (river, aquifer, rainwater catchment).  • an identifiable quantity of water (withdrawal amounts, or increased water efficiency) is not provided.  • differentiation between large scale verses small scale projects. Recommendation: Major donors need to look at how the web harvests and combines their information, and look at ways to agree on a standard template for project titles to include more essential information. The Japanese (JICA) and the Asian Development Bank provide good models.

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