Pressure-Loss Coefficient of 90 deg Sharp-Angled Miter Elbows

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wameedh T. M. Al-Tameemi ◽  
Pierre Ricco

The pressure drop across 90deg sharp-angled miter elbows connecting straight circular pipes is studied in a bespoke experimental facility by using water and air as working fluids flowing in the range of bulk Reynolds number 500<Re<60,000. To the best of our knowledge, the dependence on the Reynolds number of the pressure drop across the miter elbow scaled by the dynamic pressure, i.e., the pressure-loss coefficient K, is reported herein for the first time. The coefficient is shown to decrease sharply with the Reynolds number up to about Re=20,000 and, at higher Reynolds numbers, to approach mildly a constant K=0.9, which is about 20% lower than the currently reported value in the literature. We quantify this relation and the dependence between K and the straight-pipe friction factor at the same Reynolds number through two new empirical correlations, which will be useful for the design of piping systems fitted with these sharp elbows. The pressure drop is also expressed in terms of the scaled equivalent length, i.e., the length of a straight pipe that would produce the same pressure drop as the elbow at the same Reynolds number.

Author(s):  
Kai-Shing Yang ◽  
Ing-Young Chen ◽  
Bor-Yuan Shew ◽  
Chi-Chuan Wang

In this study, an analysis of the performance of micro nozzle/diffusers is performed and fabrication of the micro nozzle/diffuser is conducted and tested. It is found that the pressure loss coefficient for the nozzle/diffuser decreases with the Reynolds number. At a given Reynolds number, the pressure loss coefficient for nozzle is higher than that of the diffuser due to considerable difference in the momentum change. For the effect of nozzle/diffuser length on the pressure loss coefficient, it is found that the influence is rather small. At a fixed volumetric flowrate, a “minimum” phenomenon of the pressure loss coefficient vs. nozzle/diffuser depth is encountered. This is related to the interactions of velocity change and friction factor. Good agreements of the measured data with the predicted results are found in this study except at a diffuser having an opening angle of 20° . It is likely that the departure of this case to the prediction is due to the separation phenomenon in a larger angle of the diffuser.


2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Butteur Ntamba Ntamba ◽  
Veruscha Fester

Correlations predicting the pressure loss coefficient along with the laminar, transitional, and turbulent limiting Reynolds numbers with the β ratio are presented for short square-edged orifice plates. The knowledge of pressure losses across orifices is a very important industrial problem while predicting pressure losses in piping systems. Similarly, it is important to define stable operating regions for the application of a short orifice at lower Reynolds numbers. This work experimentally determined pressure loss coefficients for square-edged orifices for orifice-to-diameter ratios of β = 0.2, 0.3, 0.57, and 0.7 for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in both laminar and turbulent flow regimes.


2004 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho-Yun Nam ◽  
Jong-Man Kim ◽  
Kyung-Won Seo ◽  
Seok-Ki Choi

An experimental study has been carried out to measure the pressure loss at the side orifice of a liquid metal reactor fuel assembly. The characteristics of the pressure loss at the side orifice are investigated using the experimental data measured from 17 different types of side orifices that have different geometric shapes, dimensions, and arrangements of nozzles, and a correlation that covers the whole flow range by one equation is developed. The error range of the correlation is within ±10%, and most of the errors occurred in a region where the Reynolds number is small. The range of Reynolds numbers based on the hydraulic diameter of the orifice is 2000–350,000. It is found that the geometric factor is the most important parameter for the pressure loss when the Reynolds number is >30,000. As the Reynolds number becomes smaller, its effect becomes larger, and when the Reynolds number is small, it is the most important parameter for the pressure loss at the side orifices. The measured data shows a trend that the pressure loss coefficient increases as the number of orifices increases, and the effect of the longitudinal arrangement is small.


2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murthy Lakshmiraju ◽  
Jie Cui

Close-coupled fittings are widely used in piping system to change the direction of the fluid and to connect pipes. These fittings cause losses and these losses play a significant role in the total pressure loss in a duct system. Numerical simulations were performed using Fluent on laminar flows in a circular pipe to obtain pressure loss coefficients associated with different fittings of two elbows and three elbows. Each configuration was studied with different intermediate distances between fittings of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 pipe diameters. It was observed that for a Reynolds number of 100 and for an intermediate distance less than 5 pipe diameters, the pressure loss coefficient for the coupled fittings was less than that of the uncoupled fittings. While the fittings become uncoupled when the intermediate distance was greater than 5 pipe diameters. Variation of velocity along the axis of the pipe was analyzed to understand the mechanism of the pressure loss for various fitting configurations with different intermediate distances.


Author(s):  
K-S Yang ◽  
M-S Liu ◽  
I-Y Chen ◽  
C-C Wang

In this study, an analysis of the performance of micronozzle/diffusers is performed and fabrication of the micronozzle/diffuser is conducted and tested. It is found that the ratio of the loss coefficient of nozzle and diffuser increases with the Reynolds number and with the opening angle. At a given Reynolds number, the pressure loss coefficient for nozzle is higher than that of the diffuser due to considerable difference in the momentum change. At a fixed volumetric flowrate, a ‘minimum’ phenomenon of the pressure loss coefficient versus nozzle/diffuser depth is encountered. This is related to the interactions of velocity change and friction factor. Good agreements of the measured data with the predicted results are found in this study except at a diffuser having an opening angle of 20°. This is because of the presence of flow separation. The departure of this case to the prediction is due to the separation phenomenon in a larger angle of the diffuser. Hence, a more complicated two- and three-dimensional model is adopted to verify this flow separation inside the diffuser. For the simulation of the two-dimensional case, asymmetry flow field is seen for low Reynolds number region, whereas this phenomenon is not seen under three-dimensional simulation due to the confinement of the side wall.


1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Lau ◽  
E. M. Sparrow ◽  
J. W. Ramsey

A systematic experimental study was carried out to determine how the heat transfer characteristics of a turbulent tube flow are affected by the length and diameter of a cylindrical plenum chamber which delivers fluid to the tube. The net pressure loss due to the presence of the plenum was also measured. The experimental arrangement was such that the fluid experiences a consecutive expansion and contraction in the plenum before entering the electrically heated test section. Air was the working fluid, and the Reynolds number was varied over the range from 5,000 to 60,000. It was found that at axial stations in the upstream portion of the tube, there are substantially higher heat transfer coefficients in the presence of longer plenums. Thus, a longer plenum functions as an enhancement device. On the other hand, the plenum diameter appears to have only a minor influence in the range investigated (i.e., plenum diameters equal to three and six times the tube diameter). The fully developed Nusselt numbers are independent of the plenum length and diameter. With longer plenums in place, the thermal entrance length showed increased sensitivity to Reynolds number in the fully turbulent regime. The pressure loss coefficient, which compares the plenum-related pressure loss with the velocity head in the tube, increases more or less linearly with the plenum length. With regard to experimental technique, it was demonstrated that guard heating/cooling of the electrical bus adjacent to the tube inlet is necessary for accurate heat transfer results at low Reynolds numbers but, although desirable, is less necessary at higher Reynolds numbers.


2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Nouri-Borujerdi ◽  
Ardalan Shafiei Ghazani

In this paper, compressible and incompressible flows through planar and axisymmetric sudden expansion channels are investigated numerically. Both laminar and turbulent flows are taken into consideration. Proper preconditioning in conjunction with a second-order accurate advection upstream splitting method (AUSM+-up) is employed. General equations for the loss coefficient and pressure ratio as a function of expansion ratio, Reynolds number, and the inlet Mach number are obtained. It is found that the reattachment length increases by increasing the Reynolds number. Changing the flow regime to turbulent results in a decreased reattachment length. Reattachment length increases slightly with a further increase in Reynolds number. At a given inlet Mach number, the maximum value of the ratio of the reattachment length to step height occurs at the expansion ratio of about two. Moreover, the pressure loss coefficient is a monotonic increasing function of expansion ratio and increases drastically by increasing Mach number. Increasing inlet Mach number from 0.1 to 0.2 results in an increase in pressure loss coefficient by less than 5%. However, increasing inlet Mach number from 0.4 to 0.6 results in an increase in loss coefficient by 70–100%, depending on the expansion ratio. It is revealed that increasing Reynolds number beyond a critical value results in the loss of symmetry for planar expansions. Critical Reynolds numbers change adversely to expansion ratio. The flow regains symmetry when the flow becomes turbulent. Similar bifurcating phenomena are observed beyond a certain Reynolds number in the turbulent regime.


Author(s):  
Jing Yang ◽  
Luis San Andres

Secondary flows thru annular seals in pumps must be minimized to improve their mechanical efficiency. Annular seals, in particular balance piston seals, also produce rotordynamic force coefficients which easily control the placement of rotor critical speeds and determine system stability. A uniform clearance annular seal produces a direct (centering) static stiffness as a result of the sudden entrance pressure drop at its inlet plane when the fluid flow accelerates from an upstream (stagnant) flow region into a narrow film land. This so called Lomakin effect equates the entrance pressure drop to the dynamic flow head through an empirical entrance pressure loss coefficient. Most seal designs regard the inlet as a sharp edge or square corner. In actuality, a customary manufacturing process could produce a rounded corner at the seal inlet. Furthermore, after a long period of operation, a sharp corner may wear out into a round section. Notice that to this date, bulk flow model (BFM) analyses rely on a hitherto unknown entrance pressure coefficient to deliver accurate predictions for seal force coefficients. This paper establishes the ground to quantify the influence of an inlet round corner on the performance of a water lubricated seal reproducing a configuration tested by Marquette et al. (1997). The smooth surface seal has clearance Cr = 0.11 mm, length L = 35 mm, and diameter D = 76 mm (L/D = 0.46). The test case considers design operation at 10.2 krpm and 6.9 MPa pressure drop. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations apply to a seal with either a sharp edge or an inlet section with curvature rc varying from ¼Cr to 5Cr. Note the largest radius (rc) is just 1.6% of the overall seal length L. Going from a sharp edge inlet plane to one with a small curvature rc = ¼Cr produces a ∼20% decrease on the inlet pressure loss coefficient (ξ). A further reduction occurs with a larger circular corner; ξ drops from 0.43 to 0.17. That is, the entrance pressure loss will be lesser in a seal with a curved inlet. This can occur easily if the inlet edge wears due to solid particles eroding the seal inlet section. Further CFD simulations show that operating conditions in rotor speed and pressure drop do not affect the inlet loss coefficient, while the inlet circumferential swirl velocity does. In addition, further CFD results for a shorter (half) length seal produce a very similar entrance loss coefficient, whereas an enlarged (double) clearance seal leads to an increase in the entrance pressure loss parameter as the inlet section becomes less round. CFD predictions for most rotordynamic coefficients are within 10% relative to published test data, except for the direct damping coefficient C. For the seal with a rounded edge (rc = 5 Cr) at the inlet plane, both the direct stiffness K and direct damping C decrease about 10% compared against the coefficients for the seal with a sharp inlet edge. The other force coefficients, namely cross-coupled stiffness and added mass, are unaffected by the inlet edge geometry. The same result holds for seal leakage, as expected. A BFM incorporates the CFD derived entrance pressure loss coefficients and produces rotordynamic coefficients for the same operating conditions. The CFD and BFM predictions are in good agreement, though there is still ∼10% discrepancy for the direct stiffnesses delivered by the two methods. In the end, the analysis of the CFD results quantifies the pressure loss coefficient as a function of the inlet geometry for ready use in engineering BFM tools.


1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-213
Author(s):  
E. W. Beans ◽  
K. C. Masiulaniec

The pipe friction factor (f) and the pressure loss coefficient for a 90-deg EL (K90) were measured for coal-oil slurries at Reynolds numbers less than 100. A range of mass fractions (0 to 0.4) was examined for a single particle distribution. The pipe friction factor correlated well with the established relationship for laminar flow (f = 64/ReD) where Reynolds number is based on slurry properties. The loss coefficient for the elbow has a similar correlation.


Author(s):  
Jing Yang ◽  
Luis San Andrés

Secondary flows through annular seals in pumps must be minimized to improve their mechanical efficiency. Annular seals, in particular balance piston seals, also produce rotordynamic force coefficients, which easily control the placement of rotor critical speeds and determine system stability. A uniform clearance annular seal produces a direct (centering) static stiffness as a result of the sudden entrance pressure drop at its inlet plane when the fluid flow accelerates from an upstream (stagnant) flow region into a narrow film land. This so-called Lomakin effect equates the entrance pressure drop to the dynamic flow head through an empirical entrance pressure loss coefficient. Most seal designs regard the inlet as a sharp edge or square corner. In actuality, a customary manufacturing process could produce a rounded corner at the seal inlet. Furthermore, after a long period of operation, a sharp corner may wear out into a round section. Notice that to this date, bulk-flow model (BFM) analyses rely on a hitherto unknown entrance pressure coefficient to deliver accurate predictions for seal force coefficients. This paper establishes the ground to quantify the influence of an inlet round corner on the performance of a water lubricated seal reproducing a configuration tested by Marquette et al. (1997). The smooth surface seal has clearance Cr = 0.11 mm, length L = 35 mm, and diameter D = 76 mm (L/D = 0.46). The test case considers design operation at 10.2 krpm and 6.9 MPa pressure drop. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations apply to a seal with either a sharp edge or an inlet section with curvature rc varying from ¼Cr to 5Cr. Note the largest radius (rc) is just 1.6% of the overall seal length L. Going from a sharp edge inlet plane to one with a small curvature rc = ¼Cr produces a ∼20% decrease on the inlet pressure loss coefficient (ξ). A further reduction occurs with a larger circular corner; ξ drops from 0.43 to 0.17. That is, the entrance pressure loss will be lesser in a seal with a curved inlet. This can occur easily if the inlet edge wears due to solid particles eroding the seal inlet section. Further CFD simulations show that operating conditions in rotor speed and pressure drop do not affect the inlet loss coefficient, while the inlet circumferential swirl velocity does. In addition, further CFD results for a shorter (half) length seal produce a very similar entrance loss coefficient, whereas an enlarged (double) clearance seal leads to an increase in the entrance pressure loss parameter as the inlet section becomes less round. CFD predictions for most rotordynamic coefficients are within 10% relative to published test data, except for the direct damping coefficient C. For the seal with a rounded edge (rc = 5 Cr) at the inlet plane, both the direct stiffness K and direct damping C decrease about 10% compared against the coefficients for the seal with a sharp inlet edge. The other force coefficients, namely cross-coupled stiffness and added mass, are unaffected by the inlet edge geometry. The same result holds for seal leakage, as expected. A BFM incorporates the CFD derived entrance pressure loss coefficients and produces rotordynamic coefficients for the same operating conditions. The CFD and BFM predictions are in good agreement, though there is still ∼10% discrepancy for the direct stiffnesses delivered by the two methods. In the end, the analysis of the CFD results quantifies the pressure loss coefficient as a function of the inlet geometry for ready use in engineering BFM tools.


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