The Effects of Aging and Dual Tasking on Human Gait Complexity During Treadmill Walking: A Comparative Study Using Quantized Dynamical Entropy and Sample Entropy

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira Ahmadi ◽  
Christine Wu ◽  
Nariman Sepehri ◽  
Anuprita Kantikar ◽  
Mayur Nankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complexity Analysis ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Dual Tasking ◽  
Dynamical Entropy ◽  
Dynamical Features ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Quantized dynamical entropy (QDE) has recently been proposed as a new measure to quantify the complexity of dynamical systems with the purpose of offering a better computational efficiency. This paper further investigates the viability of this method using five different human gait signals. These signals are recorded while normal walking and while performing secondary tasks among two age groups (young and older age groups). The results are compared with the outcomes of previously established sample entropy (SampEn) measure for the same signals. We also study how analyzing segmented and spatially and temporally normalized signal differs from analyzing whole data. Our findings show that human gait signals become more complex as people age and while they are cognitively loaded. Center of pressure (COP) displacement in mediolateral direction is the best signal for showing the gait changes. Moreover, the results suggest that by segmenting data, more information about intrastride dynamical features are obtained. Most importantly, QDE is shown to be a reliable measure for human gait complexity analysis.

scholarly journals Sample Entropy of Human Gait Center of Pressure Displacement: A Systematic Methodological Analysis

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira Ahmadi ◽  
Nariman Sepehri ◽  
Christine Wu ◽  
Tony Szturm
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Parameter Values

Sample entropy (SampEn) has been used to quantify the regularity or predictability of human gait signals. There are studies on the appropriate use of this measure for inter-stride spatio-temporal gait variables. However, the sensitivity of this measure to preprocessing of the signal and to variant values of template size (m), tolerance size (r), and sampling rate has not been studied when applied to “whole” gait signals. Whole gait signals are the entire time series data obtained from force or inertial sensors. This study systematically investigates the sensitivity of SampEn of the center of pressure displacement in the mediolateral direction (ML COP-D) to variant parameter values and two pre-processing methods. These two methods are filtering the high-frequency components and resampling the signals to have the same average number of data points per stride. The discriminatory ability of SampEn is studied by comparing treadmill walk only (WO) to dual-task (DT) condition. The results suggest that SampEn maintains the directional difference between two walking conditions across variant parameter values, showing a significant increase from WO to DT condition, especially when signals are low-pass filtered. Moreover, when gait speed is different between test conditions, signals should be low-pass filtered and resampled to have the same average number of data points per stride.

Age Stratification and Sample Entropy Analysis Enhance the Limits of Stability Tests for Older Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senia Smoot Reinert ◽  
Allison L. Kinney ◽  
Kurt Jackson ◽  
Wiebke Diestelkamp ◽  
Kimberly Bigelow
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Nonlinear Analysis ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Limits Of Stability ◽  
Stability Performance ◽  
Additional Value ◽  
Young Old

The objective of this study was to determine if a foam testing condition and/or nonlinear analysis methods can be used to identify differences between age stratified subgroups of older adults when conducting the Limits of Stability assessment. Ninety older adults participated in this study. A force plate was used to record center of pressure data during Limits of Stability testing on a firm and foam surface. Participants were grouped into age-stratified subgroups: young-old (60–69 years), middle-old (70–79 years), and old-old (80+ years). Anterior-posterior (A/P) and medial-lateral (M/L) sway ranges and sample entropy values were calculated. The young-old group had significantly larger A/P and M/L sway ranges than the old-old group on both surfaces. A/P sample entropy increased significantly with age. M/L sample entropy increased significantly with age between the young-old and old-old and the middle-old and old-old groups. Sample entropy values between surfaces significantly differed for all groups. These results indicate Limits of Stability differences occur between older adults of different age groups and should be taken into consideration for clinical and research testing. Nonlinear analysis may help further identify differences in Limits of Stability performance while use of a foam surface is of limited additional value.

Effects of aging on axon terminals in the dentate molecular layer

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 928-929
Author(s):  
K. Cullen-Dockstader ◽  
E. Fifkova
Keyword(s):  
Granule Cells ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Perforant Path ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Spatial Memory Deficit ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Normal aging results in a pronounced spatial memory deficit associated with a rapid decay of long-term potentiation at the synapses between the perforant path and spines in the medial and distal thirds of the dentate molecular layer (DML), suggesting the alteration of synaptic transmission in the dentate fascia. While the number of dentate granule cells remains unchanged, and there are no obvious pathological changes in these cells associated with increasing age, the density of their axospinous contacts has been shown to decrease. There are indications that the presynaptic element is affected by senescence before the postsynaptic element, yet little attention has been given to the fine structure of the remaining axon terminals. Therefore, we studied the axon terminals of the perforant path in the DML across three age groups.5 Male rats (Fischer 344) of each age group (3, 24 and 30 months), were perfused through the aorta.

scholarly journals Age-related decline in the taurine content of the skin in rodents

Amino Acids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohisa Yoshimura ◽  
Yuki Inokuchi ◽  
Chikako Mutou ◽  
Takanobu Sakurai ◽  
Tohru Nagahama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Taurine Supplementation ◽  
Hairless Mice ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Effects Of Aging

AbstractTaurine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, occurs at high concentrations in the skin, and plays a role in maintaining the homeostasis of the skin. We investigated the effects of aging on the content and localization of taurine in the skin of mice and rats. Taurine was extracted from the skin samples of hairless mice and Sprague Dawley rats, and the taurine content of the skin was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results of the investigation revealed that the taurine content in both the dermis and epidermis of hairless mice declined significantly with age. Similar age-related decline in the skin taurine content was also observed in rats. In contrast, the taurine content in the sole remained unchanged with age. An immunohistochemical analysis also revealed a decreased skin taurine content in aged animals compared with younger animals, although no significant differences in the localization of taurine were observed between the two age groups. Supplementation of the drinking water of aged mice with 3% (w/v) taurine for 4 weeks increased the taurine content of the epidermis, but not the dermis. The present study showed for the first time that the taurine content of the skin decreased with age in mice and rats, which may be related to the impairment of the skin homeostasis observed with aging. The decreased taurine content of the epidermis in aged animals was able to be rescued by taurine supplementation.

The influence of dynamic visual environments on postural sway in the elderly

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-205
Author(s):  
L.L. Borger ◽  
S.L. Whitney ◽  
M.S. Redfern ◽  
J.M. Furman
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Young Subjects

Postural sway during stance has been found to be sensitive to moving visual scenes in young adults, children, and those with vestibular disease. The effect of visual environments on balance in elderly individuals is relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare postural sway responses of healthy elderly to those of young subjects when both groups were exposed to a moving visual scene. Peak to peak, root mean squared, and mean velocity of the center of pressure were analyzed under conditions combining four moving scene amplitudes ( 2 . 5 ∘ , 5 ∘ , 7 . 5 ∘ , 10 ∘ ) and two frequencies of scene movement (0.1 Hz, 0.25 Hz). Each visual condition was tested with a fixed floor and sway referenced platform. Results showed that elderly subjects swayed more than younger subjects when experiencing a moving visual scene under all conditions. The elderly were affected more than the young by sway referencing the platform. The differences between the two age groups were greater at increased amplitudes of scene movement. These results suggest that elderly are more influenced by dynamic visual information for balance than the young, particularly when cues from the ankles are altered.

Human Gait Analysis Method Based on Sample Entropy Fusion AlphaPose Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyu Lv ◽  
Shengying Wang ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Desheng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Human Gait Analysis

scholarly journals Gutenberg Gait Database, a ground reaction force database of level overground walking in healthy individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Horst ◽  
Djordje Slijepcevic ◽  
Marvin Simak ◽  
Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Overground Walking ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Gait Database

AbstractThe Gutenberg Gait Database comprises data of 350 healthy individuals recorded in our laboratory over the past seven years. The database contains ground reaction force (GRF) and center of pressure (COP) data of two consecutive steps measured - by two force plates embedded in the ground - during level overground walking at self-selected walking speed. The database includes participants of varying ages, from 11 to 64 years. For each participant, up to eight gait analysis sessions were recorded, with each session comprising at least eight gait trials. The database provides unprocessed (raw) and processed (ready-to-use) data, including three-dimensional GRF and two-dimensional COP signals during the stance phase. These data records offer new possibilities for future studies on human gait, e.g., the application as a reference set for the analysis of pathological gait patterns, or for automatic classification using machine learning. In the future, the database will be expanded continuously to obtain an even larger and well-balanced database with respect to age, sex, and other gait-specific factors.

Influence of Different Dual-Task Conditions During Straight or Curved Walking on Gait Performance of Physically Active Older Women With Cognitive Decline

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernado Biazus-Sehn ◽  
Rafael Reimann Baptista ◽  
Régis Gemerasca Mestriner ◽  
Bianca Pacheco Loss ◽  
Daniela Aldabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Stability Ratio ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Dual Tasking ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Walk Ratio ◽  
Task Conditions

Real-world walking requires shifting attention from different cognitive demands to adapt gait. This study aims to evaluate the effect of dual tasking on spatiotemporal gait parameters of older adults. Participants were asked to perform a primary complex single-walking task, consisting of a fast-paced linear and a curved gait. Primary task was performed separately and simultaneously with different motor and cognitive secondary tasks. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, walk ratio, and walk stability ratio were measured. Apart from stride length, which stood relatively unchanged, gait speed and cadence were strongly affected by cognitive dual tasking. Cadence seems to be the most impacted by dual tasking during curved gait as it combines challenges of both primary and secondary tasks. Also, during curved phase, walking ratio was significantly lower and stability ratio was greater demonstrating that participants adopted a cautious gait where maintenance of stability took preference over efficiency.

scholarly journals Effects of aging on motor control strategies during bimanual isometric force control

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-275
Author(s):  
Yan Jin ◽  
JiWon Seong ◽  
YoungChae Cho ◽  
BumChul Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Force Control ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Force Variability ◽  
Dual Tasking ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Force Accuracy

Aging-induced degeneration of the neuromuscular system would result in deteriorated complex muscle force coordination and difficulty in executing daily activities that require both hands. The aim of this study was to provide a basic description of how aging and dual-task activity would affect the motor control strategy during bimanual isometric force control in healthy adults. In total, 17 young adults (aged 25.1 ± 2.4 years) and 14 older adults (aged 72.6 ± 3.4 years) participated in the study. The subjects were instructed to press both hands simultaneously to match the 1 Hz sine curve force under two conditions (with or without calculation) with continuous visual feedback. Differences in bimanual motor synergy, bimanual coordination, force accuracy, force variability, and calculation speed were compared. This study found that the specific motor control strategy of older adults involved a decreased bimanual force control ability with both increased VUCM and VORT, and was not influenced by dual tasking. These findings might have implications for establishing interventions for aging-induced hand force control deficits.

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