A Perspective Evaluation Methodology for Economic Feasibility of Low Temperature Sustainable Energy Source in Heating Mode Technology

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali H. Tarrad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Evaporator Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Pump Plant ◽  
Isentropic Efficiency

The economical and clean environment issues for a sustainable energy source at low temperature (LT) were considered and compared to natural gas technology as a fossil fuel source. The friendly environment refrigerants R410A, R407C, R717, R134a, and R600a were analyzed in an approximately 500 kW heating load output cascade heat pump. The heat pump was investigated at an intermediate temperature of 35 °C, high temperature (HT) cycle condenser at 70 °C, and compressors isentropic efficiency of 70%. All analyzed refrigerant pairs exhibited high heating season performance factor (HSPF), and it was ranged between 7 and 8.5. The thermal performance comparison revealed that the HSPF for R717/R600a showed the highest values among other refrigerant pairs. The results showed that at LT cycle evaporator temperature range of −10 to −2 °C, the natural gas technology revealed a higher season heating cost values than that of the heat pump plant by up to 10%. On the contrary at lower LT evaporator temperature, the heat pump plant technology exhibited a higher season heating cost lied in the range of 4–13.6% than that of the natural gas system. At compressors isentropic efficiency of 90%, the seasonal heating cost of the heat pump plant was lower than that of the natural gas technology by the range of 9–25% at test conditions. The mean seasonal CO2 amount released by the natural gas firing technology from all tested refrigerant pairs ranged between 2.1 and 2.5 times that of the heat pump plant technology for the investigated LT evaporator temperature range.

Research Progress on Hydrate Self-Preservation Effect Applied to Storage and Transportation of Natural Gas

2013 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 795-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Gang Wen ◽  
Qiu Xiong Chen ◽  
Yun Wen Chen ◽  
Shuan Shi Fan
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Experimental Basis ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The Stability

Storage and transportation of natural gas with NGH method is a kind of novel technology developing rapidly at domestic and overseas currently. The stability and dissociation characteristic of hydrate at different temperature and pressure is a significant basis on its application and development. The existence of anomalous self-preservation effect indicates that gas hydrates have favorable stability in special low temperature range, and it provides theoretical and experimental basis for storage and transportation of natural gas with NGH method. The paper reviews study history and research development of hydrate self-preservation effect, and points out challenges for developing storage and transportation technology of natural gas with NGH.

scholarly journals Exploring the technical and economic feasibility of using the urban water system as a sustainable energy source

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graaf de ◽  
de van ◽  
Ivo Miltenburg ◽  
Bert van ◽  
de van ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Water System ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Urban Water System

The objective of this paper is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of an alternative energy system in which the urban water system functions as a source for sustainable energy supply. It is demonstrated that aquifer thermal energy storage supplemented with surface water heat collection in summer, yields sufficient heat to compensate total heat demand of a residential district. Using the urban water system as energy source makes natural gas supply obsolete, provides a CO2 reduction of 60% and is preferable in terms of costs compared to conventional gas based central heating installations. The feasibility of the urban groundwater system, urban surface water system, and the economic feasibility are determined in this paper. The local groundwater feasibility to supply the design discharge is determined by soil and aquifer characteristics from the national groundwater database, reference projects, and bore-hole data. A heat balance model is used to quantify effects on the water system. Internal rate of return calculation for the investments and full lifetime exploitation costs are used to determine the economic feasibility of the concept. In summer, there is a net water temperature decrease of 1.5-1.6 ?C. Water quality and ecological improvement take place because a lower temperature results in increasing oxygen content. Moreover, the expected water temperature increase by climate change can be prevented. The concept is economically feasible. Considering the full lifetime and all investment and exploitation costs, the concept is more profitable than a conventional system.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Analysis for Hybrid Low Temperature Sustainable Energy Sources in Cascade Heat Pump Technology

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali H. Tarrad
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Isentropic Efficiency

A thermodynamic analysis of compound Cascade refrigeration system at low temperature heat sources was conducted. The analysis was based on a target temperature of hot water at the range of (60-70) °C out of the heat pump. The carrier thermal fluid temperature, which provides heat at the low temperature side of the Cascade system, determines the pair of refrigerants to be implemented. A hybrid heat pump design was proposed, which implements the sea water and ground as heat sources in a compound cycle. Two of refrigerant pairs were tested for the performance and energy efficiency comparison at fixed operating conditions. In the low temperature cycle, either R410A or R717 refrigerant was allowed to circulate and R134a is circulated at the high temperature cycle. The minimum isentropic efficiency of commercially available compressors was used in this investigation, a value of (70 %) was chosen. The results of the investigation revealed that R717/R134a exhibited a higher heating (COP) than that of R410A/R134a by (3 %). The results showed that increasing the isentropic efficiency of compressors to (90 %) improved the heating (COP) by (20 %) and minimized the power consumption by (24 %). The specific power consumed by compressors of the proposed system showed a decrease of upto (3 %) lower than that of the sea water base system.

scholarly journals Local Heating Networks with Waste Heat Utilization: Low or Medium Temperature Supply?

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Kauko ◽  
Daniel Rohde ◽  
Armin Hafner
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Medium Temperature

District heating enables an economical use of energy sources that would otherwise be wasted to cover the heating demands of buildings in urban areas. For efficient utilization of local waste heat and renewable heat sources, low distribution temperatures are of crucial importance. This study evaluates a local heating network being planned for a new building area in Trondheim, Norway, with waste heat available from a nearby ice skating rink. Two alternative supply temperature levels have been evaluated with dynamic simulations: low temperature (40 °C), with direct utilization of waste heat and decentralized domestic hot water (DHW) production using heat pumps; and medium temperature (70 °C), applying a centralized heat pump to lift the temperature of the waste heat. The local network will be connected to the primary district heating network to cover the remaining heat demand. The simulation results show that with a medium temperature supply, the peak power demand is up to three times higher than with a low temperature supply. This results from the fact that the centralized heat pump lifts the temperature for the entire network, including space and DHW heating demands. With a low temperature supply, heat pumps are applied only for DHW production, which enables a low and even electricity demand. On the other hand, with a low temperature supply, the district heating demand is high in the wintertime, in particular if the waste heat temperature is low. The choice of a suitable supply temperature level for a local heating network is hence strongly dependent on the temperature of the available waste heat, but also on the costs and emissions related to the production of district heating and electricity in the different seasons.

scholarly journals Diesel in Antarctica and a Bibliometric Study on Its Indigenous Microorganisms as Remediation Agent

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1512
Author(s):  
Rasidnie Razin Wong ◽  
Zheng Syuen Lim ◽  
Noor Azmi Shaharuddin ◽  
Azham Zulkharnain ◽  
Claudio Gomez-Fuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Bibliometric Study ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Living Organisms

Diesel acts as a main energy source to complement human activities in Antarctica. However, the increased expedition in Antarctica has threatened the environment as well as its living organisms. While more efforts on the use of renewable energy are being done, most activities in Antarctica still depend heavily on the use of diesel. Diesel contaminants in their natural state are known to be persistent, complex and toxic. The low temperature in Antarctica worsens these issues, making pollutants more significantly toxic to their environment and indigenous organisms. A bibliometric analysis had demonstrated a gradual increase in the number of studies on the microbial hydrocarbon remediation in Antarctica over the year. It was also found that these studies were dominated by those that used bacteria as remediating agents, whereas very little focus was given on fungi and microalgae. This review presents a summary of the collective and past understanding to the current findings of Antarctic microbial enzymatic degradation of hydrocarbons as well as its genotypic adaptation to the extreme low temperature.

scholarly journals Solar Integrated Anaerobic Digester: Energy Savings and Economics

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4292
Author(s):  
Lidia Lombardi ◽  
Barbara Mendecka ◽  
Simone Fabrizi
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Solar Thermal Energy ◽  
Solar Integration

Industrial anaerobic digestion requires low temperature thermal energy to heat the feedstock and maintain temperature conditions inside the reactor. In some cases, the thermal requirements are satisfied by burning part of the produced biogas in devoted boilers. However, part of the biogas can be saved by integrating thermal solar energy into the anaerobic digestion plant. We study the possibility of integrating solar thermal energy in biowaste mesophilic/thermophilic anaerobic digestion, with the aim of reducing the amount of biogas burnt for internal heating and increasing the amount of biogas, further upgraded to biomethane and injected into the natural gas grid. With respect to previously available studies that evaluated the possibility of integrating solar thermal energy in anaerobic digestion, we introduce the topic of economic sustainability by performing a preliminary and simplified economic analysis of the solar system, based only on the additional costs/revenues. The case of Italian economic incentives for biomethane injection into the natural gas grid—that are particularly favourable—is considered as reference case. The amount of saved biogas/biomethane, on an annual basis, is about 4–55% of the heat required by the gas boiler in the base case, without solar integration, depending on the different considered variables (mesophilic/thermophilic, solar field area, storage time, latitude, type of collector). Results of the economic analysis show that the economic sustainability can be reached only for some of the analysed conditions, using the less expensive collector, even if its efficiency allows lower biomethane savings. Future reduction of solar collector costs might improve the economic feasibility. However, when the payback time is calculated, excluding the Italian incentives and considering selling the biomethane at the natural gas price, its value is always higher than 10 years. Therefore, incentives mechanism is of great importance to support the economic sustainability of solar integration in biowaste anaerobic digestion producing biomethane.

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