Evaluation of Hydrogel Technologies for the Decontamination of 137Cs From Building Material Surfaces

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Yaar ◽  
Rony Hakmon ◽  
Itzhak Halevy ◽  
Ronen Bar-Ziv ◽  
Noah Vainblat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Home Front ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Test Plan ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Cesium 137 ◽  
Nuclear Research Center ◽  
Israel Defense Forces

One of the preparation steps for a possible radiological attack is the capability of fast and effective decontamination of critical infrastructure. This study describes the implementation of a test plan at an intermediate scale (between bench scale and large scale or wide area) to evaluate decontamination procedures, materials, technologies, and techniques for removal of radioactive material from various surfaces. Two radioisotopes were tested: cesium-137 (137Cs) and the short-lived simulant to 137Cs, rubidium-86 (86Rb). Two types of decontamination hydrogel products were evaluated: DeconGel™ and Argonne SuperGel. Tests were conducted at the assigned Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Israel Defense Forces (IDFs) Home Front Command facility, and at the Nuclear Research Center Negev (NRCN), Israel. Results from these tests indicated similar removal and operational parameters for 86Rb and 137Cs, as expected from the chemical similarity of both elements. These results proved that the short-lived radioisotope 86Rb can be used in future experiments to simulate 137Cs. Results and conclusions from these experiments are presented and compared to results from laboratory-scale experiments performed on small coupons. In general, both hydrogel decontamination products may be used as a viable option to decontaminate large surfaces in a real-world event, removing between 30% to 90% of the contamination, depending on the surface type and porosity. However, both products may leave behind absorbed contamination that will need to be addressed at a later stage. Yet, the likelihood of resuspension through use of these products is reduced.

Synthetic Environments for Investigating Collaborative Information Seeking: An Application in Emergency Restoration of Critical Infrastructures

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mendonça ◽  
William A. Wallace ◽  
Barbara Cutler ◽  
James Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
Close Collaboration ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Collaborative Information Seeking ◽  
Post Disaster

AbstractLarge-scale disasters can produce profound disruptions in the fabric of interdependent critical infrastructure systems such as water, telecommunications and electric power. The work of post-disaster infrastructure restoration typically requires information sharing and close collaboration across these sectors; yet – due to a number of factors – the means to investigate decision making phenomena associated with these activities are limited. This paper motivates and describes the design and implementation of a computer-based synthetic environment for investigating collaborative information seeking in the performance of a (simulated) infrastructure restoration task. The main contributions of this work are twofold. First, it develops a set of theoretically grounded measures of collaborative information seeking processes and embeds them within a computer-based system. Second, it suggests how these data may be organized and modeled to yield insights into information seeking processes in the performance of a complex, collaborative task. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications of this work for practice and for future research.

Surveillance Models of Large-Scale ESP With High Viscosity Fluids and Gas

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lissett Barrios ◽  
Stuart Scott ◽  
Charles Deuel
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Two Phase Flow ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Viscous Fluids ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Centrifugal Pumps ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Operational Conditions

The paper reports on developmental research on the effects of viscosity and two phases, liquid–gas fluids on ESPs which are multi stage centrifugal pumps for deep bore holes. Multiphase viscous performance in a full-scale Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) system at Shell’s Gasmer facility has been studied experimentally and theoretically. The main objectives is to predict the operational conditions that cause degradations for high viscosity fluids when operating in high Gas Liquid Radio (GLR) wells to support operation in Shell major Projects. The system studied was a 1025 series tandem WJE 1000. The test was performed using this configuration with ten or more pump stages moving fluids with viscosity from 2 to 200 cP at various speed, intake pressure and Gas Void Fractions (GVF). For safety considerations the injected gas was restricted to nitrogen or air. The ESP system is a central artificial lift method commonly used for medium to high flow rate wells. Multiphase flow and viscous fluids causes problems in pump applications. Viscous fluids and free gas inside an ESP can cause head degradation and gas locking. Substantial attempts have been made to model centrifugal pump performance under gas-liquid viscous applications, however due to the complexity this is still a uncertain problem. The determination of the two-phase flow performance in these harmful conditions in the ESP is fundamental aspects in the surveillance operation. The testing at Shell’s Gasmer facility revealed that the ESP system performed as theoretical over the range of single flowrates and light viscosity oils up to Gas Volume Fractions (GVF) around 25%. The developed correlations predict GVF at the pump intake based on the operational parameters. ESP performance degrades at viscosity higher than 100cp as compared to light oil applications, gas lock condition is observed at gas fraction higher than 45%. Pump flowrate can be obtained from electrical current and boost for all range of GVF and speed. The main technical contributions are the analysis of pump head degradation under two important variables, high viscosity and two-phase flow inside the ESP.

Neutron Capture Gamma-Ray Study at Tehran Nuclear Research Center

1979 ◽  
pp. 762-762
Author(s):  
A. A. Soltanieh ◽  
J. Goshtasbi ◽  
A. R. Ghareh Chaie ◽  
V. Zarifian ◽  
Q. Kamali
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Capture ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Nuclear Research Center

A NEXT-GENERATION CAVITY MICROWAVE EXPERIMENT TO SEARCH FOR DARK-MATTER AXIONS

1994 ◽  
Vol 03 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. VAN BIBBER ◽  
W. STÖFFL ◽  
P.L. ANTHONY ◽  
P. SIKIVIE ◽  
N.S. SULLIVAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Galactic Halo ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Superconducting Magnet ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Microwave Cavity ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

We propose a large-scale experimental search for dark-matter axions which may constitute an important fraction of our own galactic halo. As shown by Sikivie,1 dark-matter axions may be detected by their stimulated conversion into monochromatic microwave photons in a tunable high-Q cavity inside a strong magnetic field. The principal improvement in power sensitivity over two earlier pilot experiments (×25) derives from the large-volume high field superconducting magnet (the NASA SUMMA coils). The improvement in mass range (1.5 to 12.6 μeV) will result from the use of several microwave cavity arrays, of 2n cavities each, over the course of the experimental program, rather than a single cavity. We are participating in a joint venture with the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences to do R&D on metalized precision-formed ceramic microwave cavities for the axion search.

A Quantitative Method for Measuring Health of Authoritative Name Servers

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Large Component ◽  
Internet Community ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Typical User

The Domain Name System - DNS is regarded as one of the critical infrastructure component of the global Internet because a large-scale DNS outage would effectively take a typical user offline. Therefore, the Internet community should ensure that critical components of the DNS ecosystem - that is, root name servers, top-level domain registrars and registries, authoritative name servers, and recursive resolvers - function smoothly. To this end, the community should monitor them periodically and provide public alerts about abnormal behavior. The authors propose a novel quantitative approach for evaluating the health of authoritative name servers – a critical, core, and a large component of the DNS ecosystem. The performance is typically measured in terms of response time, reliability, and throughput for most of the Internet components. This research work proposes a novel list of parameters specifically for determining the health of authoritative name servers: DNS attack permeability, latency comparison, and DNSSEC validation.

EASYGO - Efficiency and Safety in Geothermal Operations – A new Innovative Training Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Brehme ◽  
Martin O Saar ◽  
Evert Slob ◽  
Paola Bombarda ◽  
Hansruedi Maurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
European Universities ◽  
Research Profile

<p>How to operate a geothermal system in the most efficient and safe manner? This is the most important and urgent question after a geothermal resource has been identified. The recently funded Innovative Training Network ‘EASYGO‘ will answer that question from different perspectives and give high-level training for early stage researchers (ESR; here PhD candidates) in geothermal operations.</p><p>Tackling the challenges of sustainable geothermal operations requires an interdisciplinary and intersectoral approach. To achieve the main objective, researchers will work on the whole chain of geothermal operations, from production to power-plant engineering to injection. They will develop novel monitoring concepts, perform real-time simulations, develop system components, assess novel concepts for operations and test operational parameters at the field scale. The major strength and originality of the programme is that it is developed around large-scale infrastructure. Researchers will have access to the infrastructure in all countries for testing equipment and doing real-time measurements.</p><p>EASYGO graduates will be a new generation of multidisciplinary experts in geothermal operations, trained to achieve standardised efficient and safe operations of geothermal systems to enable the ambitious international expansion plans. The mobility plan of EASYGO envisages each ESR to have at least one academic secondment and one industrial secondment.</p><p>EASYGO consists of an intersectoral team of experts from academic and non-academic institutions. All academic participants are members of the IDEA League, a strategic alliance of leading European universities of technology. The members of the IDEA League with a strong research profile in geothermal energy, TU Delft (The Netherlands), RWTH Aachen (Germany), ETH Zurich (Switzerland) and Politecnico di Milano (Italy), constitute the academic consortium of EASYGO. Additionally, ten industry partners from all countries drive the research from an applied point of view. Our ambition is to contribute to making Europe a world leader in geothermal science, operational technology and education, thereby accelerating the energy transition.</p>

Probabilistic assessment of tephra fall hazards in Japan using a tephra fall distribution database

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimpei Uesawa ◽  
Kiyoshi Toshida ◽  
Shingo Takeuchi ◽  
Daisuke Miura
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Tephra Fall ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Hazard Curves

Abstract Tephra falls can disrupt critical infrastructure, including transportation and electricity networks. Probabilistic assessments of tephra fall hazards have been performed using computational techniques, but it is also important to integrate long-term, regional geological records. To assess tephra fall load hazards in Japan, we re-digitized an existing database of 551 tephra distribution maps. We used the re-digitized datasets to produce hazard curves for a range of tephra loads for various localities. We calculated annual exceedance probabilities (AEPs) and constructed hazard curves from the most complete part of the geological record. We used records of tephra fall events with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 4–7 (based on survivor functions) that occurred over the last 150 ka, as the database contains a very high percentage (around 90%) of VEI 4–7 events for this period. We fitted the data for this period using a Poisson distribution function. Hazard curves were constructed for the tephra fall load at 47 prefectural offices throughout Japan, and four broad regions were defined (NE–W, NE–E, W, and SW Japan). AEPs were relatively high, exceeding 1 × 10 −4 for loads greater than 0 kg/m 2 on the eastern (down-wind) side of the volcanic front in the NE–E region. In much of the W and SW regions, maximum loads were heavier, but AEPs were lower (<10 −4 ). Tephras from large (VEI ≥ 6) events are the predominant hazard in every region. A parametric analysis was applied to investigate regional variability using AEP diagrams and slope shape parameters via curve fitting with exponential and double-exponential decay functions. Two major differences were recognized between the hazard curves from borehole data and those from the digitized tephra database. The first is a significant underestimation of AEP for frequent events using the tephra database, by one to two orders of magnitude. This is explained in terms of the lack of records for smaller tephra fall events in the database. The second is an overestimation of the heaviest tephra load events, which differ by a factor of two to three. This difference might be due to the tephra fall distribution contour interpolation methodology used to generate the original database. The hazard curve for Tokyo developed in this study differs from those that have been generated previously using computational techniques. For the Tokyo region, the probabilities and tephra loads produced by computational methods are at least one order of magnitude greater than those generated during the present study. These discrepancies are inferred to have been caused by initial parameter settings in the computational simulations, including their incorporation of large-scale eruptions of up to VEI = 7 for all large stratovolcanoes, regardless of their eruptive histories. To improve the precision of the digital database, we plan to incorporate recent (since 2003) tephra distributions, revise questionable isopach maps, and develop an improved interpolation method for digitizing tephra fall distributions.

Shaping Comprehensive Emergency Response Networks

2014 ◽  
pp. 26-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Treurniet
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Internal Resources ◽  
Response Planning ◽  
Response Network ◽  
Response Organization ◽  
The One

Given its nature, a crisis has a significant community impact. This applies in particular to emergencies: crises that arise quickly. Because of the complex and multifaceted nature of large-scale incidents, the response requires coordinated effort by multiple organizations. This networked collaboration is not solely restricted to professional organizations. In responding to an incident, the affected community can itself be an important source of information and capabilities. This chapter discusses how one can shape a trustworthy and decisive response organization in which relevant and useful capacities available in the community are incorporated. This discussion has two focal points. The first focal point is the role of the affected community in the case of an emergency. On the one hand, an emergency affects the fabric of the community, such as the critical infrastructure. On the other, a community has inherent internal resources that give it resilience and capacity to respond in a crisis. This needs to be reflected in the choice of emergency response planning model. The second focal point is the structure of the emergency response network. An emergency response network is a mixed-sector network. This means that coordination is needed among organizations and collectives with differing strategic orientations.

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