Concept and Mechanics of Fine Finishing Circular Internal Surfaces Using Deployable Magneto-Elastic Abrasive Tool

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Sooraj
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Average Roughness ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Internal Surfaces ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Magnetic Type ◽  
Critical Requirement ◽  
Present Experimentation ◽  
Tubular Specimens

Fine finishing of cylindrical internal surfaces without affecting geometric form is a critical requirement in several mechanical and aerospace applications. Although various methodologies using flexible abrasive media are reported for the same, many of them demand complex tooling and fixtures to be developed in tune with the internal dimensions to feed the abrasive media. The present paper investigates the feasibility of using magneto-elastic abrasive balls with the aid of a mechanically deployable tool for microfinishing of geometrically symmetric tubular specimens. The deployable tool used for the present experimentation is designed like an umbrella mechanism, with magnetic pads to hold the elastic abrasive balls, expandable for bore diameter ranges from 45 to 75 mm. The magnetic type elastic abrasive balls proposed in the form of mesoscale balls of diameter 3.5 ± 0.25 mm are capable of finishing the bore surface without altering its roundness. Effects of elastomeric medium, mechanics of material removal and generation of finished profile during the proposed technique have been discussed in detail, through a comprehensive mathematical model. Effect of various process variables on surface roughness was investigated experimentally using response surface methodology and the theoretical predictions were validated at optimum operating condition. Sixty-two percent reduction in average roughness on brass tubes of initial roughness 0.168 μm, with significant improvement in all the associated two-dimensional roughness parameters and without any deviation on roundness, was clearly demonstrating the potential of proposed methodology.

Into Mesh Lubrication of Spur Gears With Arbitrary Offset Oil Jet. Part 1: For Jet Velocity Less Than or Equal to Gear Velocity

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Akin ◽  
D. P. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Gear Tooth ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Spur Gears ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
The Common ◽  
Jet Velocity ◽  
Oil Jet

An analysis was conducted for into mesh oil jet lubrication with an arbitrary offset and inclination angle from the pitch point for the case where the oil jet velocity is equal to or less than pitch line velocity. The analysis includes the case for the oil jet offset from the pitch point in the direction of the pinion and where the oil jet is inclined to intersect the common pitch point. Equations were developed for the minimum oil jet velocity required to impinge on the pinion or gear and the optimum oil jet velocity to obtain the maximum impingement depth. The optimum operating condition for best lubrication and cooling is provided when the oil jet velocity is equal to the gear pitch line velocity with both sides of the gear tooth cooled. When the jet velocity is reduced from pitch line velocity the drive side of the pinion and the unloaded side of the gear is cooled. When the jet velocity is much lower than the pitch line velocity the impingement depth is very small and may completely miss the pinion.

Thermoeconomic Approach and Optimization of a Solar Thermal Power Plant

2012 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 609-613
Author(s):  
Ali Baghernejad ◽  
Mahmood Yaghoubi
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Solar Thermal Power

In the present study, a specific and simple second law based exergoeconomic model with instant access to the production costs is introduced. The model is generalized for a case study of Shiraz solar thermal power plant with parabolic collectors for nominal power supply of 500 kW. Its applications include the evaluation of utility costs such as products or supplies of production plant, the energy costs between process operations of an energy converter such as production of an industry. Also attempt is made to minimize objective function including investment cost of the equipments and cost of exergy destruction for finding optimum operating condition for such plant.

Optimization of Fermentable Sugar Production from Pineapple Leaf Waste (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr) by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Yohanita Restu Widihastuty ◽  
Sutini Sutini ◽  
Aida Nur Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Cellulase Enzyme

Pineapple leaf waste is one agricultural waste that has high cellulose content. Pineapple leaf waste's complex structure contains a bundle of packed fiber that makes it hard to remove lignin and hemicellulose structure, so challenging to produce reducing sugar. Dried pineapple leaf waste pretreated with a grinder to break its complex structure. Delignification process using 2% w/v NaOH solution at 87oC for 60 minutes has been carried out to remove lignin and hemicellulose structure so reducing sugar could be produced. Delignified pineapple leaf waste has been enzymatic hydrolyzed using cellulase enzyme (6 mL, 7 mL, and 8 mL) to produce reducing sugar. The sample was incubated in an incubator shaker at 155 rpm at 45, 55, and 60oC for 72 hours. Determination of reducing sugar yield had been carried out using the Dubois method and HPLC. The model indicated that the optimum operating condition of enzymatic hydrolysis is 7 mL of cellulase enzyme at 55oC to produce 96,673 mg/L reducing sugar. This result indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis operating condition improved the reducing sugar yield from pineapple leaf waste. The optimum reducing sugar yield can produce biofuel by the saccharification process.

Magnetostrictive Methods of Detecting Torque from Case-Hardened Steel Shafts

1994 ◽  
Vol 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichiro Sasada
Keyword(s):  
Excitation Frequency ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Torque Sensor ◽  
Excitation Current ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Molybdenum Steel

AbstractThis paper begins with a review of the current problems associated with the application of conventional magnetic-head-type shaft torque sensors. These sensors were first proposedin 1954. Newly developed low-profile magnetic heads for torque sensors which address the problems of the older type of sensors are then presented. The torque sensor which uses the lowprofile pick-up heads is described in detail. Experimental results showing the basicperformance of the torque sensor with carburized nickel chromium molybdenum steel shafts (SNCM 420 in JIS) are then described. In this combination of the heads and the shaft, thehysteresis of the inputoutput relationship is generally small and shows that the direction of traversal around the hysteresis loop changes as the amplitude of the excitation current changes. It is shown that an optimum operating condition exists for the torque sensorin which the hysteresis achieves a minimum value yet the sensitivity remains high. In a particular combination studied in this paper, the optimum excitation current was 0.3 A at the excitation frequency 60 kHz, where the total power loss at the pick-up heads was 0.37W. Under this operating condition, the hysteresis was extremely small, and the linearity was better than 0.6%.

Strategy for nitrogen removal from piggery waste

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Choi ◽  
Y. Eum
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Activated Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Ammonia Stripping

This study was conducted with an influent containing about 20% solids, obtainable from scraper type separation resulting in about 40 g/L TCOD and 5.5 g/L TKN, to find an optimum operating condition for nitrogen removal. Both laboratory scale reactors and a full scale treatment plant removed 80 to 90% nitrogen by biological means up to 35°C with 10% by ammonia stripping. The full scale plant however was operated at 35 to 45°C, and at 45°C, 30% nitrogen was removed by biological means, 50% by ammonia stripping, 14% by chemical coagulation and 6% by activated carbon adsorption, respectively. Struvite formation could not be observed at 30°C or higher. Nitrite nitrification and denitrification could save about 35% in tank volume and 50% in carbon requirements at 25°C, respectively. For a complete denitrification with a proper temperature, the influent TCOD/TKN ratio must exceed 6 with oxic/total reactor volume ratio of 0.5. The influent TCOD level or organic load should be lower so as not to increase the reactor temperature above 35°C and avoid nitrification inhibition. The estimated optimum nitrogen loading rates were 0.15 for summer and 0.23 kgTKN/m3/d for winter, respectively. With a cooling facility, the nitrogen loads could be increased to 0.35 kgTKN/m3/d equivalent to an organic loading rate of 2.5 kgCOD/m3/d.

Optimization of nitrogen removal from piggery waste by nitrite nitrification

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Eum ◽  
E. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Nitrogen Loads ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Waste Characteristics ◽  
Nitrification And Denitrification

The piggery waste characteristics greatly vary with types of manure collections and the amount of water used. If solids are separated well, the waste strength will be greatly reduced resulting in lower TCOD/TKN ratio of 4 (average). If solids are separated by a mechanical scraper, some solids will remain and the waste strength will be increased with a TCOD/TKN ratio of 7. This study was conducted to find an optimum operating condition for nitrogen removal with these two ratios. Nitrite nitrification was targeted because it could be a short cut process for savings in oxygen for nitrification and carbon requirements for denitrification. The study results indicated that nitrogen loading rate and pH were the most important factors to be considered for stable nitrite nitrification. The applicable nitrogen loads were estimated to be 0.3 to 2.0 kgTKN/oxic m3/d for high TCOD/TKN ratio without pH control. With higher pH > 8, NO2N/NOxN ratios in oxic stages even with lower nitrogen loads were increased. The SBR with low TCOD/TKN ratio less than 4 required additional alkalinity. For a complete denitrification, the influent TCOD/TKN ratio must exceed 6 with oxic/total reactor volume ratio of 0.5. Nitrite nitrification and denitrification could save about 35% in tank volume and 50% in carbon requirement, respectively. However, 9.5% oxygen saving could be expected during the operation with low TCOD/TKN ratio. The elevated temperature due to the heat released from COD removal also enhanced microbial activities for nitrification and denitrification as well as ammonia stripping. However, careful attention must be provided for the reactor temperature not to inhibit the nitrification process.

scholarly journals The efficiency of electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodesin treating wastewater from a dairy industry

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1713-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerson de Freitas Silva Valente ◽  
Regina Célia Santos Mendonça ◽  
José Antônio Marques Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Dairy Plant ◽  
Aluminum Electrodes ◽  
Industry Effluent

<p>This research deals with the investigation of electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of wastewater from a dairy plant using aluminum electrodes. Electrolysis time, pH, current density and distance between electrodes were considered to assess the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS) and their fractions and turbidity. Samples were collected from the effluent of a dairy plant using a sampling methodology proportional to the flow. The treatments were applied according to design factorial of half fraction with two levels of treatments and 3 repetitions at the central point. The optimization of parameters for treating dairy industry effluent by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes showed that electric current application for 21 minutes, an initial sample pH near 5.0 and a current density of 61.6A m<sup>-2</sup> resulted in a significant reduction in COD by 57%; removal of turbidity by 99%, removal of total suspended solids by 92% and volatile suspended solids by 97%; and a final treated effluent pH of approximately 10. Optimum operating condition was used for cost calculations show that operating cost is approximately 3.48R$ m<sup>-3</sup>.</p>

Three-Dimensional Unsteady Simulation in a Water Turbine

2013 ◽  
Vol 655-657 ◽  
pp. 227-230
Author(s):  
Ying Hu ◽  
Kun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Transient Flow ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Flow Fields ◽  
Francis Turbine ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Water Turbine ◽  
Turbine Model

This paper introduces the 3D numerical simulation of unsteady turbulent flow in the entire flow passage of a water turbine model with CFD technology. A new and available method for the design of a Francis turbine has been explored. The boundary conditions have been implemented based on the 3D averaged N-S equations. The governing equations are discreted on space by the finite volume method and on time step by the finite difference method. The 3D unsteady turbulent flow in an entire Francis turbine model is calculated successfully using the CFX-TASCflow software and RNG k-εturbulence model. Transient flow fields are simulated in the spiral case, the distributor, the runner and the draft tube. It is presented in this paper that the computer simulation of the flow fields in components of the Francis turbine at the optimum operating condition. Meanwhile, the velocity and pressure at any points in the flow fields can be obtained so as to provide the great value on the performance prediction. According to the simulating results, the flow analysis and the design experience, the design of components in a Francis turbine model can be improved and optimized. In this way, designers may decrease numbers of test and shorten the period for a model. Therefore, the cost of research and produce can be reduced.

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