scholarly journals Inspiration and Fixation: The Influences of Example Designs and System Properties in Idea Generation

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Vasconcelos ◽  
Carlos C. Cardoso ◽  
Maria Sääksjärvi ◽  
Chih-Chun Chen ◽  
Nathan Crilly
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Idea Generation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modular System ◽  
Design Work ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
System Property ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
System Properties ◽  
Different Sources

When tackling problems, designers might be inspired by different sources, whether concrete or abstract. The more concrete sources often comprise representations of potential solutions or examples of existing designs. The more abstract sources often represent the desirable properties of engineered systems, such as modular system architectures. We performed an experiment with 60 novice designers to compare the inspiration effects from these two types of stimuli. Participants were asked to solve a design problem, having been exposed to a concrete example design, an abstract system property, both, or no stimulus at all. Their design work was assessed according to four metrics: fluency, diversity, commonness, and conformity. Exposure to either the example design or the system property reduced the fluency and diversity of ideas, and exposure to both stimuli reduced these measures even further. While there was no difference in the inspiration effects from the example and the property in terms of fluency, diversity, and commonness; results for conformity showed that each stimulus constrained participants differently: encouraging ideas similar to one type of stimulus, while discouraging ideas similar to the other type. In combination with other work on inspiration and fixation, these findings can help shape how design is taught and how inspiration tools are developed.

Immunological Relationship Between Plasminogen Activator Inhibitors from Different Sources

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (01) ◽  
pp. 029-034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran Urdén ◽  
Joanna Chmielewska ◽  
Tomas Carlsson ◽  
Björn Wiman
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hep G2 ◽  
Inhibitor Activity ◽  
Tissue Plasminogen ◽  
Immunological Relationship ◽  
Different Sources

SummaryPolyclonal antibodies have been raised against the inhibitor moiety in the purified complex between tissue plasminogen activator and its fast inhibitor (PA-inhibitor) in human plasma/ serum. A radioimmunoassay for quantitation of PA-inhibitor antigen was developed. The polyclonal antiserum and a previously described monoclonal antibody against the PA-inhibitor (14) have been used to study the immunological relationship between PA-inhibitors from plasma, serum, platelets, placenta extract and conditioned media from Hep G2 and HT 1080 cells. It was demonstrated that the ratio between PA-inhibitor activity and antigen varied considerably between the different sources. In the plasma samples studied, similar activity and antigen concentrations were found, suggesting that the PA-inhibitor in these samples mainly was in an active form. On the other hand the other sources seemed to contain variable amounts of inactive PA-inhibitor forms. Immunoadsorption experiments revealed that the PA-inhibitor (activity and antigen) from all the sources were specifically bound to the insolubilized antibodies (polyclonal and monoclonal). In no case, however, could active PA-inhibitor be eluted from the immunoadsorption columns. Also the competitive radioimmunoassays suggested that the PA-inhibitors from the different sources studied, were closely immunologically related.

scholarly journals INTERDISCIPLINARY SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES IN AGILE MODULAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRODUCT GENERATION DEVELOPMENT MODEL USING THE EXAMPLE OF A MACHINE TOOL MANUFACTURER

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1897-1906
Author(s):  
Clemens Birk ◽  
Marc Zuefle ◽  
Albert Albers ◽  
Nikola Bursac ◽  
Dieter Krause
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Modular System ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Product Generation ◽  
Mechanical Products ◽  
Machine Manufacturer ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThis paper considers the orientation of product development structures towards interdisciplinary system architectures using the example of a tool machine manufacturer. Due to the change from simple mechanical products to extensively designed systems, whose successful development requires the integration of all disciplines involved, it is analyzed which requirements there are for these interdisciplinary system architectures in today's development environment. In addition, it is validated on the basis of the investigation environment that interdisciplinary system structures are necessary for the development on the different levels of the system view. In doing so, the investigation environment addresses the concept of extracting customer-relevant features (systems) from a physical-tailored modular system (supersystem) in order to develop and test them autonomously, as well as to transfer them to the entire product range in a standardized manner. The elaboration identifies basic requirements for the development of a knowledge base in interdisciplinary system structures and places them into the context of an agile modular kit development.

The Origins of Political Trust in East Asian Democracies: Psychological, Cultural, and Institutional Arguments

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
EUNJUNG CHOI ◽  
JONGSEOK WOO
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractWhile the importance of social and political trust has been well documented, there is a lack of scholarly consensus over where trust originates. This article tests three theoretical arguments – social-psychological, social-cultural, and political institutional – on the origin of political trust against three East Asian democracies (Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan). The empirical analysis from the AsiaBarometer survey illustrates that political institutional theory best explains the origin of political trust in East Asian cases. Citizens of these East Asian democracies have a high level of political trust when they believe that their governments perform well in management of the national economy and political representation of elected officials. Meanwhile, social-psychological and social-cultural theories explain the origins of social trust, but not political trust. The evidence reveals that socially trusting people are not automatically politically trusting; social trust and political trust originate from different sources and do not transform from one to the other.

Arts and Crafts of the Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia

2021 ◽  
pp. 846-873
Author(s):  
Dobrochna Zielińska
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Wall Painting ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Artistic Production ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Different Sources

After the collapse of the Meroitic Empire, three independent kingdoms arose within its former territory. Because of a lack of centralized political authority and artistic production, their early development, although based on the Meroitic inheritance, was determined by different sources of influence. From the 8th century two united northern kingdoms became a powerful state, which is also reflected in its art. Rising creativity from the 9th century onwards reflected local needs and ambitions. In the course of time, surrounded by Islamic neighbors, Nubian art on one hand remained independent in its forms of art, but on the other hand absorbed a new style and iconographic details, which is most visible in 12th-century wall painting. Most probably it reflected a changing lifestyle, inspired by the wider Middle Eastern world at that time. The late period, although characterized by much less activity and financial possibilities of individuals or communities, still shows flourishing activities of Nubian artists. Christian Nubian culture ended almost simultaneously with the Byzantine empire, leaving almost one thousand years of its unique heritage.

scholarly journals Anti-Memorials and the Art of Forgetting: Critical Reflections on a Memorial Design Practice

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
SueAnne Ware
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Spectrum ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Design Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
Heroin Overdose ◽  
The Future ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Andreas Huyssen writes, ‘Remembrance as a vital human activity shapes our links to the past, and the ways we remember define us in the present. As individuals and societies, we need the past to construct and to anchor our identities and to nurture a vision of the future.’ Memory is continually affected by a complex spectrum of states such as forgetting, denial, repression, trauma, recounting and reconsidering, stimulated by equally complex changes in context and changes over time. The apprehension and reflective comprehension of landscape is similarly beset by such complexities. Just as the nature and qualities of memory comprise inherently fading, shifting and fleeting impressions of things which are themselves ever-changing, an understanding of a landscape, as well as the landscape itself, is a constantly evolving, emerging response to both immense and intimate influences. There is an incongruity between the inherent changeability of both landscapes and memories, and the conventional, formal strategies of commemoration that typify the constructed landscape memorial. The design work presented in this paper brings together such explorations of memory and landscape by examining the ‘memorial’. This article examines two projects. One concerns the fate of illegal refugees travelling to Australia: The SIEVX Memorial Project. The other, An Anti-Memorial to Heroin Overdose Victims, was designed by the author as part of the 2001 Melbourne Festival.

scholarly journals Effects of different sources of forage in high-concentrate diets on fermentation parameters, ruminal biohydrogenation and microbiota in Nellore feedlot steers

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (5) ◽  
pp. 928-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. MESSANA ◽  
A. L. E. G. F. CARVALHO ◽  
A. F. RIBEIRO ◽  
G. FIORENTINI ◽  
P. S. CASTAGNINO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Sugar Cane Bagasse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Selenomonas Ruminantium ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Ruminal Biohydrogenation ◽  
Different Sources

SUMMARYModifying the extent of fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation (BH) in the rumen through diet formulation is an effective strategy for changing the content of unsaturated FAs (USFAs) in meat. The present study investigated the effects of different sources of forage in high-concentrate diets on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, ruminal BH, duodenal flow of FAs and rumen microbiota in Nellore steers. Intake of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was higher in animals fed with maize silage (MS) than in those fed with sugar cane (SC) and sugar cane bagasse (SB). Higher digestibility of dry matter and NDF was found in animals fed with MS than in those fed with the other diets. In addition, higher crude protein digestibility was observed in animals fed with sugar cane bagasse than in those fed with SC. Non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) digestibility was higher in animals fed with sugar cane than in those fed with the other diets. Intake of total and individual FAs such as C18 : 1cis-9, C18 : 2, and C18 : 3 was similar between animals fed with MS and SB, but decreased in animals fed with SC. Diets containing MS and SB showed higher total digestibility of saturated FAs (SFAs) and USFAs, respectively and total FAs and ruminal BH of C18 : 1 and USFA. Intestinal digestibility of overall FAs did not differ among treatments, except for C18 : 3, which increased in animals fed with SC and SB. The profile of FAs in duodenal digesta and faecal outputs did not differ among treatments. However, the flow of NDF was higher in animals fed with SC than in those fed with MS and SB. Animals fed with SB showed higher values of pH than those fed with MS and SC. Animals fed with SC showed lower values of ammonia-nitrogen. Protozoan counts were only influenced by diet for species that belonged to the generaDasytrichaandIsotricha. Populations of fibrolytic bacteria (Ruminococus flavefaciens, Ruminococus albusandFibrobacter succinogenes) were similar among diets. Populations ofSelenomonas ruminantiumincreased 2·5 and 5 times in animals fed with MS when compared with those fed with SC and SB, respectively. The use of MS increased intake and digestibility of NDF, and the use of SC decreased ruminal BH of total USFA without changing the flow of FAs to the duodenum. Thus, different sources of forage in high-concentrate diets do not modify the duodenal flow of USFA or fibrolytic bacteria. This must be taken into account when formulating diets to modulate ruminal upsets without altering intake.

Biomineralization Processes

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz A. Lowenstam ◽  
Stephen Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Spectrum ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
External Medium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mineral Formation ◽  
Mineralization Processes ◽  
Established Fact ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Almost Continuous

The large number of different minerals formed by organisms from almost 50 different phyla described in Chapter 2 should in itself discourage anyone from searching for the mechanism of biomineralization. On the other hand, the survey of macromolecules used by many organisms to control mineralization (Chapter 2), even though limited primarily to carbonate- and phosphate-bearing mineralized hard parts, shows that similar and rather unusual acidic glycoproteins and proteoglycans are widely utilized in biomineralization. This raises the possibility that many organisms may have adopted common approaches or strategies for regulating mineral formation. We do not know whether this arose as a result of divergence from a common ancestor or is a product of convergent evolution in which many different phyla independently began utilizing similar macromolecules for controlling mineralization (see Chapter 12). Either way we view the diversity in biomineralization as the product of a very broad and almost continuous spectrum of processes that organisms use to control mineralization. This ranges from no apparent control at one end to, it seems, control over every detail at the other. However, this is achieved by a fairly limited number of different basic processes used in various combinations and ways to produce a unique final product. This last statement is, we readily admit at this point in time, more an act of faith than an established fact. In this chapter we will try to identify and/or speculate about some of these basic processes. We will draw upon material from many different sources, and, in particular, we will refer whenever possible to the more detailed descriptions of mineralization processes given in the chapters that follow. As a consequence, this chapter may also be used by the reader as a guide toward more discriminating reading on selected topics in the remainder of the book. The spectrum of biomineralization processes can in principle be easily divided into cases in which control is exercised in some way over mineralization and those in which it is not. In practice the differentiation is not that simple as all organisms do exercise some control at one level or another, even if it simply involves, for example, removing from the cell some undesirable metabolic end-product or ion that combines with another ion in the external medium and precipitates.

Making Music, Building Roads

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
Penny Harvey
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
British Broadcasting Corporation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
The One ◽  
Relational Capacities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sixtieth Anniversary

This chapter explores how the analyses of audible infrastructures presented in this volume connect to the established and growing body of literature on civic infrastructures from scholars in the humanities and social sciences. There are clearly convergent interests between those who work on roads, water, and energy systems, on the one hand, and those who study the production, circulation, and reproduction of sound, on the other. To analyze the materialities of music making, as with civic infrastructures, is to investigate the relational capacities of the materials from which things are made, the diverse types of labor through which these materials become integral to their emergent forms, and the uneven distribution of access to the wider structures that underpin the circulation and reproduction of such forms. In particular, the chapter focuses on how the relationship between the hardware of engineered systems and the software of sociality creates new possibilities for thinking about the politics of infrastructure. The chapter explores these resonances between audible and civic infrastructures by considering the M1 Symphony, a work commissioned by the British Broadcasting Corporation to mark the sixtieth anniversary of the opening of Britain’s first long-distance motorway. The example provokes reflection on the relationship between media and infrastructure, between composition and improvisation, and between ontological experiment and artful design.

scholarly journals Microbiological Contamination of Honeys from Different Sources in Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Ayse E. Borum ◽  
Mesut E. Gunes
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Honey Sample ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Microbiological Properties

Abstract Honey samples obtained by beekeepers taken from thirty-five different apiaries in Turkey’s region of Marmara were investigated for the presence of microorganism. Each honey sample was examined for the number of total aerobic mesofilic bacteria, coliforms, moulds and yeasts and the presence of Salmonella spp., Clostridium botulinum, along with other aerobic bacteriae such as Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius. In total, fifty-four honey samples of different botanical origins including unifloral (Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Trifolium, Onobrychis), multifloral and chestnut were evaluated in the means of microbiological properties. Microorganisms were isolated in twenty-eight samples (60.86%) of pure cultures and eighteen samples (39.13%) of mixed cultures. On the other hand, no microorganisms were isolated in eight samples. Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. C. albicans and Penicillium spp. were isolated and identified in other honey samples. The bacteria counts were 4×102 - 1.4×103 cfu/g for aerobic mesofilic bacteria and 1-185 cfu/g for the fungi. The application of sanitary practices (hand washing, avoidance of sneezing or coughing, etc.) may be effective in controlling contamination by microorganisms. On the other hand, air, equipment and dust may be contributing causes of microbiological contamination. Therefore it is important to take precautions in order to avoid such contamination, even though such factors are often difficult to control.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document