Estimation of Constraint Factor on the Relationship Between J Integral and CTOD for Offshore Structural Steel Weldments

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Hyun Moon ◽  
Deok-Geun Kim ◽  
Jeong-Soo Lee ◽  
Jae-Myung Lee ◽  
Myung-Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Arc Welding ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Constraint Factor ◽  
Astm Standard ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
The Relationship

Offshore structures are exposed to severe operating conditions because energy resource development has recently extended toward deeper seabed and lower temperature regions. Hence, fracture toughness evaluation for very thick and high strength steels is one of the most important parameters required for the structural integrity assessment of offshore structures. Fracture toughness is known as a property which describes the ability of a material containing a crack to resist unstable brittle fracture. Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) and J integral are the most commonly employed parameters as fracture criteria in elastic plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM). There have been extensive research efforts to clarify the relationship between CTOD and J integral in elastic plastic regime. Plastic constraint factor (PCF) in the relationship between CTOD and J integral can serve as a parameter to characterize constraint effects in fracture involving plastic deformation. In this regard, the characteristics of the PCF are of significant importance in EPFM analysis. In this study, we evaluated fracture toughness of American Petroleum Institute (API) 2 W Gr. 50 steel in terms of CTOD in various temperatures using single edge notched bend (SENB) specimens. Test specimens are fabricated by submerged arc welding (SAW) and flux cored arc welding (FCAW). In addition, CTOD values are compared to absorbed impact energy with respect to the weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ). Then, we investigated PCFs with respect to several regions of the weldment at various temperatures. Experimental values of PCFs were calculated and then compared against the predicted values according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. CTOD values of WM by SAW is found to be about three times higher than that of FCAW at −10 °C, and CTOD values calculated by the ASTM standard are approximately 30% lower than the CTOD according to British Standard (BS). In addition, the maximum of 40% discrepancy is observed in PCFs obtained between the experiment and the predicted values according to the ASTM standard. This may lead to too conservative fracture toughness estimation for the welded joints of API 2 W Gr. 50 steel when using PCF by ASTM. Based on the accurate estimated PCF values obtained from this study, it is believed that rational fracture design of offshore structures is possible.

Estimation of Constraint Factor on the Relationship Between J Integral and CTOD for Offshore Structural Steel Weldments

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Hyun Moon ◽  
Jeong Soo Lee ◽  
Jae Myung Lee ◽  
Myung Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Input ◽  
Arc Welding ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Crack Tip Opening Displacement ◽  
Constraint Factor ◽  
Plastic Constraint ◽  
Flux Cored Arc Welding ◽  
The Relationship

As ships and offshore structures become larger than before the usage of high strength steel and ultra thick plate has been increased. However, the thick plates have disadvantages with respect to brittle fracture and fatigue strength. Elastic plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) is the domain of fracture analysis which considers extensive plastic deformation at crack tip prior to fracture. The J integral and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) have been commonly used as parameters for EPFM analysis. The relationship between these parameters has been studied by industry and academia. The plastic constraint factor can serve as a parameter to characterize constraint effects in fracture. Therefore, the characteristics of plastic constraint factor are important in EPFM analysis. In this study, the relationship between J Integral and CTOD was investigated by conducting 3-point bending tests using single edge notched bend (SENB) specimens. Two types of specimens were fabricated. One is API 2W Gr.50 welded by means of flux cored arc welding (FCAW) with heat input 15kJ/cm, and the other is API 2W Gr.50 welded by means of submerged arc welding (SAW) with heat input 45kJ/cm. The plastic constraint factor was estimated considering heat input, temperatures at weldment and heat affected zone (HAZ).

Validation on the Relationship Between J Integral and CTOD for Offshore Structural Steel Weldments by Experimental and Numerical Analyses

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Hyun Moon ◽  
Jeong Soo Lee ◽  
Jae Myung Lee ◽  
Myung Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Crack Tip Opening Displacement ◽  
Opening Displacement ◽  
Constraint Factor ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Plastic Constraint ◽  
The Relationship

Elastic plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) is the domain of fracture analysis which considers extensive plastic deformation at crack tip prior to fracture. J integral and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) have been commonly used as parameters for EPFM analysis. The relationship between these parameters has been extensively studied by industry and academia. The plastic constraint factor can serve as a parameter to characterize constraint effects in fracture involving plastic deformation. Therefore, the characteristics of plastic constraint factor are important in EPFM analysis. In this study, the relationship between J Integral and CTOD was investigated by conducting fracture toughness tests using single edge notched bend (SENB) specimens. Also, plastic constraint factor was investigated by using finite element analysis. Numerical analysis was carried out using ABAQUS elastic-plastic analysis mode.

Experimental evaluation of fracture properties of bovine hip cortical bone using elastic–plastic fracture mechanics

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Waseem Ur Rahman ◽  
Rafiullah khan ◽  
Noor Rahman ◽  
Ziyad Awadh Alrowaili ◽  
Baseerat Bibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Elastic Deformation ◽  
Compact Tension ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
American Society ◽  
Fracture Specimens

BACKGROUND: Understanding the fracture mechanics of bone is very important in both the medical and bioengineering field. Bone is a hierarchical natural composite material of nanoscale collagen fibers and inorganic material. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates and presents the fracture toughness of bovine cortical bone by using elastic plastic fracture mechanics. METHODS: The J-integral was used as a parameter to calculate the energies utilized in both elastic deformation (Jel) and plastic deformation (Jpl) of the hipbone fracture. Twenty four different types of specimens, i.e. longitudinal compact tension (CT) specimens, transverse CT specimens, and also rectangular unnotched specimens for tension in longitudinal and transverse orientation, were cut from the bovine hip bone of the middle diaphysis. All CT specimens were prepared according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E1820 standard and were tested at room temperature. RESULTS: The results showed that the average total J-integral in transverse CT fracture specimens is 26% greater than that of longitudinal CT fracture specimens. For longitudinal-fractured and transverse-fractured cortical specimens, the energy used in the elastic deformation was found to be 2.8–3 times less than the energy used in the plastic deformation. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the overall fracture toughness measured using the J-integral is significantly higher than the toughness calculated by the stress intensity factor. Therefore, J-integral should be employ to compute the fracture toughness of cortical bone.

An Experimental-Numerical Hybrid Method to Determine Dynamic Elastic-Plastic Fracture Toughness

2013 ◽  
Vol 577-578 ◽  
pp. 517-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Fan Zhu ◽  
Yang Cao ◽  
Chun Huan Guo ◽  
Feng Chun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Dynamic Fracture ◽  
Dynamic Fracture Toughness ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Hopkinson Pressure Bar ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Load Displacement

The dynamic fracture behavior of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy was studied by finite element method to simulate a cracked three-point bending specimen loaded by stress wave loading. In order to determine the elastic-plastic dynamic fracture toughness using quasi-static fracture mechanics theory, the nominal load measured by Hopkinson pressure bar loaded fracture testing system was input into a finite element program to calculate the loading point displacement, and then this displacement was employed to obtain the load-displacement field in the vicinity of the crack tip without the inertia effect, the variation of J-integral as a function of time was established using the load-displacement parameters determined by finite element analysis. The critical J-integral corresponding to crack initiation time detected by a small strain gauge mounted on the three-point bending fracture specimen is determined as an elastic-plastic dynamic fracture toughness (JId). The comparison between the equivalent dynamic fracture toughness(KId) given by the aforementioned procedures and the value measured in previous studies was made to verify the validation of the proposed procedure.

A Flaw Proximity Rule for Interacting Surface Cracks Based on Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Kamaya
Keyword(s):  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Crack Depth ◽  
Crack Size ◽  
Multiple Cracks ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Offset Distance ◽  
Bending Load ◽  
The Relationship

When multiple cracks approach one another, the stress intensity factor and J-integral value of cracks are likely to change due to the interaction of the stress field. Since the changes in these parameters are not always conservative in structural reliability evaluations, the interaction between multiple cracks should be taken into account. Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code provides a flaw characterization rule for interacting multiple cracks. In Section XI, adjacent cracks are replaced with a coalesced single crack when the distance between the cracks is less than half of the crack depth. However, the criterion for the offset distance is given as an absolute value, although the magnitude of the interaction depends on the crack size. In the current study, an alternative criterion for the offset distance was examined. Elastic-plastic analyses were performed for interacting semicircular and semi-elliptical surface cracks by the finite element method under a tensile and bending load. The change in the J-integral values due to the relative spacing of cracks was investigated. Based on the relationship between the magnitude of the interaction and the relative position of the cracks, the allowable condition for the offset distance was discussed.

Influence of Weld Mismatch on the Structural Integrity of Pipes for Reeling

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo M. Castelluccio ◽  
Sebastian Cravero ◽  
Hugo A. Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Single Edge ◽  
Inhomogeneous Materials ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Edge Notch ◽  
Integrity Analysis ◽  
Crack Position

Structural integrity analysis of tough materials based on Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM) has been successfully employed in the assessment of components. EPFM has originally been developed for homogeneous materials and its applicability to inhomogeneous materials has some peculiarities. In particular, Fitness for Service design of welded pipes requires to know the weld fracture toughness and to estimate accurately the J-integral applied on the actual structural member. In this work, finite element analyses of simulated welds have been carried out in order to qualify and quantify the lack of accuracy of experimental methodologies for measuring fracture toughness of welds and the influence of welds on the applied J-integral in a pipe under bending. Different weld widths and cracks positions are characterized for single edge notch specimens in tension (SE(T)) and pipes. It has been found that inhomogeneity affects elastic-plastic fracture parameters for cracks centered in welds of certain widths. Moreover, the applied J-integral on pipes with circumferential cracks depends significantly on the weld width and crack position.

Comparison of J-Integral Values and J-R Curves Between Carbon Steel Compact Tension Specimen and Pipe Specimen

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Takanashi ◽  
Satoshi Izumi ◽  
Shinsuke Sakai ◽  
Naoki Miura
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Compact Tension ◽  
Compact Tension Specimen ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Tension Specimen ◽  
Elastic Plastic

In the present study, the transferability of elastic-plastic fracture toughness from a small-scale to a large-scale specimen was experimentally confirmed for carbon steel pipe with mild toughness. Fracture toughness tests were carried out on a pipe specimen 318.5 mm in outer diameter, 10.3 mm in thickness and having a through-wall crack, and also on a compact tension specimen 9.7mm in thickness, 25.4 mm in width, that had been cut out from the pipe specimen. Test results indicated the J-integral value of the pipe specimen at the crack initiation to be nearly twice that of the CT specimen. Finite element analysis conducted on the two specimens indicated this difference to arise primarily from the constraint near the crack front. Discussion was also made of the effects of crack orientation on elastic-plastic fracture toughness of CT specimens. The J-integral value at crack initiation in the specimen whose crack direction coincided with the pipe axial was found to be almost 54 % more than for specimens whose crack direction was circumferential.

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