scholarly journals Direct-Write Photolithography for Cylindrical Tooling Fabrication in Roll-to-Roll Microcontact Printing

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa F. Nietner ◽  
David E. Hardt
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Microcontact Printing ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Surface Patterning ◽  
Direct Write ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Roll To Roll ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Scale Surface

The scale-up of microcontact printing (μCP) to a roll-to-roll technique for large-scale surface patterning requires scalable tooling for continuous pattern printing with μm-scale features (e.g., 1–50 μm). Here, we examine the process of creating such a tool using an optical direct-write or “maskless” method working on a rotating cylindrical substrate. A predictive model of pattern formation is presented along with experimental results to examine the key control factors for this process. It is shown that factors can be modulated to vary the cross-sectional shape in addition to feature height and width. This feature can then be exploited to improve the robustness of the final printing process.

scholarly journals Roll-to-Roll Microcontact Printing of Flexible Aluminum Substrates Using Octadecylphosphonic Acid (ODPA)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Merian ◽  
Xian Du ◽  
David Hardt ◽  
Hussain AlQahtani
Keyword(s):  
Soft Lithography ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Microcontact Printing ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Roll To Roll ◽  
Acid Etch ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Aluminum Substrates ◽  
Scale Surface ◽  
Octadecylphosphonic Acid

Soft-lithography, or the printing of self-assembling molecular inks at micro or sub-micron scale holds the promise of large-scale surface patterning for a variety of applications. One key to the ultimate utility of this concept is continuous roll-to-roll printing on lost-cost flexible substrates. Accordingly, this paper discusses the basic processes involved in roll-to-roll printing of octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) on aluminum-coated PET substrates using novel cylindrical stamps cast from PDMS. In addition to printing, visualization of the pattern is achieved through controlled condensation of water vapor and by a post-printing acid etch. By using a roll-to-roll configuration, along with continuous stamps and measurements that can permit real-time online quality monitoring, this method represents a significant step forward in making soft lithography a commercially viable process.

scholarly journals Use, awareness and willingness to self-test for HIV: An analysis of cross-sectional population-based surveys in Malawi and Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Case Johnson ◽  
Melissa Neuman ◽  
Peter MacPherson ◽  
Augustine Choko ◽  
Caitlin Quinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Population Based ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Test ◽  
Result Analysis

Abstract Background Many southern African countries are nearing the global goal to diagnose 90% of people with HIV by 2020. In 2016, 84% and 86% of people with HIV knew their status in Malawi and Zimbabwe respectively. Despite this progress, gaps remain, particularly among men (≥25 years). We investigated awareness, use and willingness to HIV self-test (HIVST) prior to large scale implementation and explored sociodemographic associations. Methods We pooled responses from two of the first cross-sectional Demographic Health Surveys to include HIVST questions: Malawi and Zimbabwe in 2015-16. Sociodemographic factors and sexual risk behaviours associated with previously testing for HIV, and awareness, past use and future willingness to self-test were investigated using univariable and multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for the sample design and limiting analysis to participants with completed questionnaire and a valid HIV result. Analysis of willingness to self-test was restricted to Zimbabwean men, as Malawians and women were not asked this question. Results Of 31 385 individuals, the proportion never-tested was higher for men (31.2%) than women (16.5%), p<0.001. For men, having ever tested increased with age. Past use and awareness of HIVST was very low, 1.2% and 12.6% respectively. Awareness was lower among women than men (9.1% vs 15.3%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-1.75), and at younger ages, and lower education and literacy levels. Willingness to self-test among Zimbabwean men was high (84.5%), with having previously tested for HIV, high sexual risk, and being ≥25 years associated with greater willingness. Wealthier men had greater awareness of HIVST than poorer men (p<0.001). Men at higher HIV-related sexual risk, compared to men at lower HIV-related sexual risk, had the greatest willingness to self-test (aOR=3.74; 95%CI: 1.39-10.03, p<0.009).Conclusions In 2015-16 many Malawian and Zimbabwean men had never tested for HIV. Despite low awareness and minimal HIVST experience at that time, willingness to self-test was high among Zimbabwean men, especially in older men with moderate to high HIV-related sexual risk. These data provide a valuable baseline against which to investigate population-level uptake of HIVST as programmes scale-up. Programmes introducing, or planning to introduce HIVST, should consider including questions in population-based surveys.

scholarly journals Prospective predictors of sustainment of multiple EBPs in a system-driven implementation context: Examining sustained delivery based on administrative claims

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 263348952110578
Author(s):  
Anna S. Lau ◽  
Teresa Lind ◽  
Mojdeh Motamedi ◽  
Joyce H. L. Lui ◽  
Mary Kuckertz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Administrative Claims ◽  
Sustained Delivery ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Program Leaders

Background System-driven scale-up of multiple evidence-based practices (EBPs) is an increasingly common method used in public mental health to improve care. However, there are little data on the long-term sustained delivery of EBPs within these efforts, and previous studies have relied on retrospective self-report within cross-sectional studies. This study identified prospective predictors of sustained EBP delivery at the EBP-, therapist-, and organizational-levels using survey and administrative claims data within a large-scale system-driven implementation effort. Methods 777 therapists and 162 program leaders delivering at least one of six EBPs of interest completed surveys assessing perceptions of EBPs and organizational context. These surveys were linked to administrative data to examine prospective predictors of therapists’ EBP delivery over 33 months. Results Five of the six EBPs implemented showed sustained delivery in the system, with volume varying by EBP. Although total EBP claim volume per therapist decreased over time, the volume ratio (ratio of EBP-specific claims to total EBP and non-EBP claims) stayed relatively stable. Multilevel models revealed that EBPs that required consultation, had unstructured content, higher therapist self-efficacy with the EBP, and more positive program leader perceptions of the EBP were associated with greater sustained volume and volume ratio of the EBP. Therapists who were trained in fewer EBPs, who were unlicensed, and who worked in agencies rated by program leaders as lower on organizational staff autonomy and stress showed greater sustained EBP volume and volume ratio. Finally, more direct service hours per week provided by therapist predicted greater sustained EBP volume, but lower volume ratio. Conclusions The results point to the importance of EBP, therapist, and organizational factors that may be targeted in implementation strategies to promote the sustainment of EBPs.

A Method of Form Selection for Large Scale Structures

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiano Pasini ◽  
S. C. Burgess ◽  
D. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Shape Selection ◽  
Efficiency Parameter ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents a new method for modelling the efficiency of large-scale structural forms. Parametric equations, which include all design parameters and also the effect of buckling, are developed. Shape transformers, envelope efficiency parameter and scaling factor are introduced to describe the geometrical properties of cross-sections and to allow interaction between form and cross-sectional shape selection. Design charts provide insight and understanding and assist the selection of different structural concepts at the preliminary stage of design.

scholarly journals Parameterization of subgrid plume dilution for use in large-scale atmospheric simulations

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 2551-2560 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Naiman ◽  
S. K. Lele ◽  
J. T. Wilkerson ◽  
M. Z. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Plume Dynamics ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Subgrid Model ◽  
Diffusion Parameters ◽  
Sectional Shape

Abstract. A new model of plume dynamics has been developed for use as a subgrid model of plume dilution in a large-scale atmospheric simulation. The model uses mean wind, shear, and diffusion parameters derived from the local large-scale variables to advance the plume cross-sectional shape and area in time. Comparisons with a large eddy simulation of aircraft emission plume dynamics, with an analytical solution to the dynamics of a sheared Gaussian plume, and with measurements of aircraft exhaust plume dilution at cruise altitude show good agreement with these previous studies. We argue that the model also provides a reasonable approximation of line-shaped contrail dilution and give an example of how it can be applied in a global climate model.

scholarly journals Two-Year Scale-Up of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention Reduced Malaria Morbidity among Children in the Health District of Koutiala, Mali

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6639
Author(s):  
Hamma Maiga ◽  
Jean Gaudart ◽  
Issaka Sagara ◽  
Modibo Diarra ◽  
Amadou Bamadio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Health District ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Malaria Morbidity ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention

Background: Previous controlled studies demonstrated seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) reduces malaria morbidity by >80% in children aged 3–59 months. Here, we assessed malaria morbidity after large-scale SMC implementation during a pilot campaign in the health district of Koutiala, Mali. Methods: Starting in August 2012, children received three rounds of SMC with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ). From July 2013 onward, children received four rounds of SMC. Prevalence of malaria infection, clinical malaria and anemia were assessed during two cross-sectional surveys conducted in August 2012 and June 2014. Investigations involved 20 randomly selected clusters in 2012 against 10 clusters in 2014. Results: Overall, 662 children were included in 2012, and 670 in 2014. Children in 2014 versus those surveyed in 2012 showed reduced proportions of malaria infection (12.4% in 2014 versus 28.7% in 2012 (p = 0.001)), clinical malaria (0.3% versus 4.2%, respectively (p < 0.001)), and anemia (50.1% versus 67.4%, respectively (p = 0.001)). A propensity score approach that accounts for environmental differences showed that SMC conveyed a significant protective effect against malaria infection (IR = 0.01, 95% CI (0.0001; 0.09), clinical malaria (OR = 0.25, 95% CI (0.06; 0.85)), and hemoglobin concentration (β = 1.3, 95% CI (0.69; 1.96)) in 2012 and 2014, respectively. Conclusion: SMC significantly reduced frequency of malaria infection, clinical malaria and anemia two years after SMC scale-up in Koutiala.

scholarly journals Awareness, use and willingness to self-test for HIV: An analysis of cross-sectional population-based surveys in Malawi and Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Case Johnson ◽  
Melissa Neuman ◽  
Peter MacPherson ◽  
Augustine Choko ◽  
Caitlin Quinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Population Based ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Test ◽  
Result Analysis

Abstract Background Many southern African countries are nearing the global goal to diagnose 90% of people with HIV by 2020. In 2016, 84% and 86% of people with HIV knew their status in Malawi and Zimbabwe respectively. Despite this progress, gaps remain, particularly among men (≥25 years). We investigated awareness, use and willingness to HIV self-test (HIVST) prior to large scale implementation and explored sociodemographic associations.Methods We pooled responses from two of the first cross-sectional Demographic Health Surveys to include HIVST questions: Malawi and Zimbabwe in 2015-16. Sociodemographic factors and sexual risk behaviours associated with never testing for HIV, and awareness, past use and future willingness to self-test were investigated using univariable and multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for the sample design and limiting analysis to participants with completed questionnaire and a valid HIV result. Analysis of willingness to self-test was restricted to Zimbabwean men as Malawians and women were not asked this question.Results Of 31 385 individuals, the proportion never-tested was higher for men (31.2%) than women (16.5%), p<0.001. For men, having ever tested increased with age. Past use and awareness of HIVST was very low, 1.2% and 12.6% respectively. Awareness was lower among women than men (9.1% vs 15.3%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-1.75), and at younger age, and lower education and literacy levels. Willingness to self-test among Zimbabwean men was high (84.5%), with having previously tested for HIV, high sexual risk, and being older (≥25 years) associated with greater willingness. Wealthy men had greater awareness of HIVST than poorer men (p<0.001). Men at higher sexual risk, compared to men at lower risk, had the greatest willingness to self-test (aOR=3.74; 95%CI: 1.39-10.03, p<0.009).Conclusions In 2015-16 many Malawian and Zimbabwean men had never tested for HIV. Despite low awareness and minimal HIVST experience at that time, willingness to self-test was high, especially in older men with moderate to high sexual risk. These data provide a valuable baseline against which to investigate population-level uptake of HIVST as programmes scale-up. Programmes introducing, or planning to introduce HIVST, should consider including questions in population-based surveys.

Self-similarity of the large-scale motions in turbulent pipe flow

2016 ◽  
Vol 792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo H. O. Hellström ◽  
Ivan Marusic ◽  
Alexander J. Smits
Keyword(s):  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Pipe Flow ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Turbulent Pipe Flow ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Similar ◽  
Logarithmic Layer ◽  
Sectional Shape

Townsend’s attached eddy hypothesis assumes the existence of a set of energetic and geometrically self-similar eddies in the logarithmic layer in wall-bounded turbulent flows, which can be scaled with their distance to the wall. To examine the possible self-similarity of the energetic eddies in fully developed turbulent pipe flow, we performed stereo particle image velocimetry measurements together with a proper orthogonal decomposition analysis. For two Reynolds numbers, $Re_{{\it\tau}}=1330$ and 2460, the resulting modes/eddies were shown to exhibit self-similar behaviour for eddies with wall-normal length scales spanning a decade. This single length scale provides a complete description of the cross-sectional shape of the self-similar eddies.

On the cross-sectional shape of the cellulose crystallites in the tunicate Halocynthia papillosa

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-567
Author(s):  
J.-F. Revol ◽  
Y. Van Daele ◽  
F. Gaill
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Field Mode ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Valonia Ventricosa ◽  
C Nmr

The only form of cellulose which could unequivocally be ascribed to the animal kingdom is the tunicin that occurs in the tests of the tunicates. Recently, high-resolution solid-state l3C NMR revealed that tunicin belongs to the Iβ form of cellulose as opposed to the Iα form found in Valonia and bacterial celluloses. The high perfection of the tunicin crystallites led us to study its crosssectional shape and to compare it with the shape of those in Valonia ventricosa (V.v.), the goal being to relate the cross-section of cellulose crystallites with the two allomorphs Iα and Iβ.In the present work the source of tunicin was the test of the ascidian Halocvnthia papillosa (H.p.). Diffraction contrast imaging in the bright field mode was applied on ultrathin sections of the V.v. cell wall and H.p. test with cellulose crystallites perpendicular to the plane of the sections. The electron microscope, a Philips 400T, was operated at 120 kV in a low intensity beam condition.

Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey among Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2393-PUB
Author(s):  
KENICHIRO TAKAHASHI ◽  
MINORI SHINODA ◽  
RIKA SAKAMOTO ◽  
JUN SUZUKI ◽  
TADASHI YAMAKAWA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Diabetes Survey
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