Ammonia and Gasoline Fuel Blends for Spark Ignited Internal Combustion Engines

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shehan Omantha Haputhanthri ◽  
Timothy Taylor Maxwell ◽  
John Fleming ◽  
Chad Austin
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Liquid Equilibrium ◽  
High Pressure Cell ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Composite Fuel ◽  
Ic Engines

Ammonia, when blended with hydrocarbon fuels, can be used as a composite fuel to power existing internal combustion (IC) engines. Feasibility of developing ammonia gasoline liquid fuel blends and the use of ethanol as an emulsifier to enhance the solubility of ammonia in gasoline were studied using a small thermostated vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) high-pressure cell. Engine dynamometer tests were conducted for developed fuel blends to measure the performance. Gasoline with 30% ethanol can retain 17.35% of ammonia in the liquid phase by volume basis. Engine dynamometer results show ammonia-rich fuels result in an increased torque and power output especially at higher engine speeds.

Ammonia and Gasoline Fuel Blends for Internal Combustion Engines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shehan Omantha Haputhanthri ◽  
Timothy Taylor Maxwell ◽  
John Fleming ◽  
Chad Austin
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Phase Solubility ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
High Pressure Cell ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Composite Fuel ◽  
Mass Basis

Ammonia, when blended with hydro carbon fuels, can be used as a composite fuel to power existing IC engines. Such blends, similar to ethanol and gasoline fuel blends, can be used to commercialize ammonia as an alternative fuel. Feasibility of developing ammonia gasoline liquid fuel blends and the use of ethanol as an emulsifier to enhance the solubility of ammonia in gasoline were studied using a small thermostated vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) high pressure cell in this research. A larger VLE cell was used to develop identified fuel blends in sufficient quantities for engine dynamo-meter tests. A engine dynamometer equipped with a 2.4L gasoline engine was used to benchmark performance of ammonia fuel blends against standard fuels. Solubility test results proved that ethanol free gasoline is capable of dissolving 4.5% of ammonia on volume basis (23 g/l on mass basis) at 50 psi [344.7 kPa] pressure and 286.65 K temperature in liquid phase. Solubility levels are increased with the use of ethanol. Gasoline with 30% ethanol can retain 18% of ammonia in the liquid phase by volume basis (105 g/l by mass basis) at the same pressure and temperature. Dynamometer results show the ability of new composite fuel blends to produce the same amount of torque and power in the lower rpm limits. At higher rpm levels ammonia rich fuels result in an increased torque and power. Thus it can be concluded that hydrogen energy can be stored as ammonia-gasoline fuel blends and recovered back successfully without any strenuous modification to the existing infrastructure and end user equipment or behavior.

On-Board Fuel Property Identification Method Based on High-Pressure Common Rail Pressure Signal

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfeng Zhao ◽  
Junmin Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Common Rail ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Rail Pressure ◽  
Fuel Property ◽  
Pressure Signal ◽  
Common Rail Pressure ◽  
Property Identification

This paper investigates the impact of fuel property variations on the common rail pressure fluctuation in high-pressure common rail (HPCR) system and explores the possibility of identifying the fuel types based on the measurement of rail pressure for internal combustion engines. Fluid transients, particularly the water hammer effect in a HPCR system, are discussed and the 1D governing equations are given. A typical HPCR system model is developed in GT-Suite with the injectors, three-plunger high-pressure pump, and pressure control valve being modeled in a relatively high level of detail. Four different fuels including gasoline, ethanol, diesel, and biodiesel are modeled and their properties including density, bulk modulus, and acoustic wave speed are validated against data in the literature. Simulation results are obtained under different conditions with variable rail pressures and engine speeds. To reduce the excessive rail pressure oscillation caused by multiple injections, only four main-injections are enabled in each engine revolution. The results show that the natural frequency of a common rail varies with the type of fuel filled in it. By applying the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the pressure signal, the differences of fuel properties can be revealed in the frequency domain. The experiment validation is conducted on a medium-duty diesel engine, which is equipped with a typical HPCR system and piezo-electric injectors. Tests results are given for both pure No. 2 diesel and pure soybean biodiesel at different rail pressure levels and different engine speeds. This approach is proved to be potentially useful for fuel property identification of gasoline-ethanol or diesel-biodiesel blends on internal combustion engines.

Acoustic Modelling and Measurements of Engine Mufflers

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Samir N.Y. Gerges ◽  
Márcio R. Kimura ◽  
J.L. Bento Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Transmission Loss ◽  
Noise Source ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Acoustic Modelling ◽  
Exhaust Noise ◽  
Ic Engines ◽  
Diesel Motors

Most buildings such as hospitals, hotels, governmental offices, data processing rooms, etc, are equipped with internal combustion engines, diesel motors and generators to supply energy in emergencies. These same IC engines are used for industrial applications, building services and transportation. Exhaust noise are the predominant noise source with most internal combustion engines and thus exhaust systems incorporating mufflers have been designed to reduce the noise. This paper describes the analysis of several configurations of mufflers and also presents comparisons between the results for the transmission loss obtained by numerical modelling (FEM), Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) and measurements.

scholarly journals Challenging Sensing Solutions Designed by Sensata Bulgaria

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
A. Tanev ◽  
P. Mitsev ◽  
T. Lazarova
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Automotive Applications ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Very High

Abstract This paper presents novel green automotive platinum sensing technology together with pressure sensors design principles and applications. In recent years, worldwide emissions legislation has been introduced and is rapidly becoming more stringent. With alternative vehicular propulsion methods far from becoming mainstream reality, leading automotive providers have intensified efforts in the direction of reducing the harmful footprint of their products. This is being accomplished via smaller, appropriately designed internal combustion engines, necessitating an increased and higher-performance sensor content per vehicle. This paper elaborates on temperature sensor application in automotive exhaust gas performance sensing and as well as pressure sensors in different challenging automotive applications with very high pressure levels.

High-pressure crystallisation studies of biodiesel and methyl stearate

CrystEngComm ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (30) ◽  
pp. 4427-4436
Author(s):  
X. Liu ◽  
C. L. Bull ◽  
A. K. Kleppe ◽  
P. J. Dowding ◽  
K. Lewtas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Methyl Stearate ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
Pressure Injection ◽  
High Pressure Injection

The widespread use of biodiesel as a renewable fuel offers many potential advantages, but at the same time presents challenges for modern internal combustion engines, particularly for those that involve high-pressure injection of fuel into the combustion chamber.

scholarly journals Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Martins ◽  
F. P. Brito
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Ic Engines

The recent transport electrification trend is pushing governments to limit the future use of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). However, the rationale for this strong limitation is frequently not sufficiently addressed or justified. The problem does not seem to lie within the engines nor with the combustion by themselves but seemingly, rather with the rise in greenhouse gases (GHG), namely CO2, rejected to the atmosphere. However, it is frequent that the distinction between fossil CO2 and renewable CO2 production is not made, or even between CO2 emissions and pollutant emissions. The present revision paper discusses and introduces different alternative fuels that can be burned in IC Engines and would eliminate, or substantially reduce the emission of fossil CO2 into the atmosphere. These may be non-carbon fuels such as hydrogen or ammonia, or biofuels such as alcohols, ethers or esters, including synthetic fuels. There are also other types of fuels that may be used, such as those based on turpentine or even glycerin which could maintain ICEs as a valuable option for transportation.

Experimental and Numerical Characterization of High-Pressure Methane Jets for Direct Injection in Internal Combustion Engines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Montanaro ◽  
Luigi Allocca ◽  
Angelo De Vita ◽  
Stefano Ranieri ◽  
Francesco Duronio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Numerical Characterization
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