Modeling the Magnetic Performance of a Fast Pneumatic Brake Actuator

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan I. Miller ◽  
Tim J. Flack ◽  
David Cebon
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Circuit ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Magnetic Performance ◽  
Magnetic Circuits ◽  
Faraday’S Law ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Permanent Magnet Field

A novel pneumatic valve was constructed to improve the response of air-actuated brakes for heavy vehicles to demand pressures generated during electronically controlled braking by an order of magnitude. Investigations were made into the interactions between the magnetic, mechanical, and electrical subsystems of the valve with a view toward informing design optimization. The valve was modeled using a magnetic circuit approach. The quasi-static model included the influences of the permanent magnet, field-line fringing, saturation, and the coil. Mechanical forces outputted by the model matched physical measurements with an error smaller than 10%, and magnetic fluxes throughout the circuit were generally within 20% of those found from experiments based on Faraday's law of induction, Gaussmeter measurements, and FEA simulations. A magneto-mechanical simulation of the valve switching states was created using mechanical and electrical equations, and curve-fits to the outputs of the magnetic circuit model. The simulation produced time histories of the valve's armature position that matched experimental measurements and adequately predicted working pressures. The final model required an approximation to the influence of the coil based on experimental results. Consequently, further research is recommended into the influence of solenoid coils on fringing in magnetic circuits.

scholarly journals Effect of the Temperature on the Magnetic and Energetic Properties of Soft Magnetic Composite Materials

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4400
Author(s):  
Luca Ferraris ◽  
Fausto Franchini ◽  
Emir Pošković ◽  
Marco Actis Grande ◽  
Róbert Bidulský
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Materials ◽  
Eddy Currents ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Soft Magnetic Materials ◽  
Magnetic Composite ◽  
Soft Magnetic ◽  
Soft Magnetic Composite ◽  
Magnetic Performance ◽  
Magnetic Circuits ◽  
Energetic Characterization

In recent years, innovative magnetic materials have been introduced in the field of electrical machines. In the ambit of soft magnetic materials, laminated steels guarantee good robustness and high magnetic performance but, in some high-frequency applications, can be replaced by Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) materials. SMC materials allow us to reduce the eddy currents and to design innovative 3D magnetic circuits. In general, SMCs are characterized at room temperature, but as electrical machines operate at high temperature (around 100 °C), an investigation analysis of the temperature effect has been carried out on these materials; in particular, three SMC samples with different binder percentages and process parameters have been considered for magnetic and energetic characterization.

Collecting Usage Data for Analyzing a Heavy-Vehicle, Divisible-Load Permit System

1996 ◽  
Vol 1522 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Arnim H. Meyburg ◽  
Jean-Daniel M. Saphores ◽  
Richard E. Schuler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Divisible Load ◽  
Actual Usage ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Permit System ◽  
Usage Data

The collection of truck usage data for performing a benefit-cost analysis of the New York State Divisible-Load Permit System is described. To motivate the data collection requirements, the procedures used for estimating both infrastructure costs and economic benefits are briefly described. The survey procedure is summarized, as are data gathered on permitted vehicles, operator characteristics, and truck usage. Advantages and shortcomings of the methodology for collecting data are reviewed from the perspective of analyzing divisible-load permit systems for heavy vehicles. The overall study is one of the first attempts to assess the economic impact of permit systems based on actual usage data provided voluntarily by truck operators through seasonal mail surveys. As illustrated by the authors in a 1994 report, the economic benefits of a permit system for trucks hauling heavy divisible loads can be substantial. The collected survey data were adequate for providing order-of-magnitude estimates of benefits and costs although bridge damage and accident costs could not be evaluated because of a lack of data. Results should therefore be of interest to transportation officials throughout the country for use in evaluating the merits of allowing extra-heavy vehicles on the roads.

scholarly journals Mechanotransmission of haemodynamic forces by the endothelial glycocalyx in a full-scale arterial model

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 190607 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sáez ◽  
D. Gallo ◽  
U. Morbiducci
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Endothelial Glycocalyx ◽  
Multiscale Approach ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
Endothelial Lining ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The glycocalyx has been identified as a key mechano-sensor of the shear forces exerted by streaming blood onto the vascular endothelial lining. Although the biochemical reaction to the blood flow has been extensively studied, the mechanism of transmission of the haemodynamic shear forces to the endothelial transmembrane anchoring structures and, consequently, to the subcellular elements in the cytoskeleton, is still not fully understood. Here we apply a multiscale approach to elucidate how haemodynamic shear forces are transmitted to the transmembrane anchors of endothelial cells. Wall shear stress time histories, as obtained from image-based computational haemodynamics models of a carotid bifurcation, are used as a load and a continuum model is applied to obtain the mechanical response of the glycocalyx all along the cardiac cycle. The main findings of this in silico study are that: (1) the forces transmitted to the transmembrane anchors are in the range of 1–10 pN, which is in the order of magnitude reported for the different conformational states of transmembrane mechanotranductors; (2) locally, the forces transmitted to the anchors of the glycocalyx structure can be markedly different from the near-wall haemodynamic shear forces both in amplitude and frequency content. The findings of this in silico approach warrant future studies focusing on the actual forces transmitted to the transmembrane mechanotransductors, which might outperform haemodynamic descriptors of disturbed shear as localizing factors of vascular disease.

A Mathematical Model of a Modified Voice Coil Energy Harvester

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Hekmati ◽  
Siamak Arzanpour
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Magnetic Field Intensity ◽  
Magnetic Circuit ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Magnetic Conductor ◽  
Magnetic Circuits ◽  
The Magnetic Field

This paper presents a mathematical modeling of a modified voice coil generator, which consists of a moving coil within a fixed magnetic circuit. The simulation has been done with Comsol Multiphysics software, which is a powerful tool to demonstrate the pattern of magnetic field and calculate the induced current in the coil. In our simulations, the magnetic circuit consists of the magnetic conductor and the air gap. In this analysis, the magnetic flux density and the magnetic field intensity are calculated. Moreover, through calculation of the total reluctance of the magnetic circuit and employing the ohm’s law for magnetic circuits, the effect of the length and cross section of the total circuit on the magnetic flux are investigated. Finally, a pattern for the magnetic flux density are demonstrated and the simulation result indicates that the magnetic field is well concentrated on the coil area, therefore this prototype can capture and convert most of the kinetic energy to electricity. A prototype has been fabricated and tested on the shaker. The experimental results indicate that this setup is able to produce the maximum voltage of 0.326 V and the peak power equal to 2.605 mW in 35 Hz frequency and 1 mm peak to peak amplitude.

scholarly journals Optimization Design of a New Type of Interior Permanent Magnet Generator for Electric Vehicle Range Extender

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilun Ma ◽  
Xueyi Zhang ◽  
Qinjun Du ◽  
Liwei Shi ◽  
Xiangyu Meng
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Magnetic Circuit ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Magnetic Circuits ◽  
Range Extender ◽  
Interior Permanent Magnet ◽  
Rotor Poles ◽  
New Type

Aiming at the disadvantages of large leakage flux and low magnetic flux density of radial magnetic circuit and tangential magnetic circuit, a new type of permanent magnet (PM) rotor with parallel tangential and radial magnetic circuits is proposed. Based on Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s law of magnetic circuits, equivalent magnetic circuits for rotor poles are developed. The structure parameters of the generator are preliminarily determined. At the same time, by means of the Taguchi method and employing finite element analysis, the rotor poles of generator are optimized to improve air gap magnetic density, the cogging torque, and the distortion of back-EMF waveform. Finally, the validity of proposed design methods is validated by the analytical and experimental results.

scholarly journals Calculation and study of the magnetic field of the stator winding of a turbine generator

2020 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 01118
Author(s):  
Gulzoda Mustafakulova ◽  
Akmal Egamov ◽  
Utkir Mirkhonov ◽  
Jasurbek Nizamov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Laplace Equation ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Magnetic Circuit ◽  
Stator Winding ◽  
Turbine Generator ◽  
Magnetic Circuits ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
A Current

An analytical method is presented for calculating the electromagnetic field of the stator winding of an alternating current machine, a turbine generator by solving the Laplace equation, first for a point conductor with a current i, by the method of separating variables when representing the space of the machine location consisting of five regions. The purpose of the work is to show that for all three components of the air gap field created by the winding, the magnetic circuit is common, but the magnetic circuits are different for each of them.

scholarly journals ON APPLICATION OF AMORPHOUS STEELS IN THE MAGNETIC CIRCUITS OF VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Lyudmila V. Bykovskaya ◽  
Viktor V. Bykovskiyi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Amorphous Alloys ◽  
Magnetic Circuit ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Nonlinear Differential Equations ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Voltage Transformer ◽  
Magnetic Circuits ◽  
Magnetic Induction Distribution

The article presents the results of studying the influence of amorphous steels on the antiresonance properties of voltage transformers. The authors developed a mathematical model of a voltage transformer with a magnetic circuit using amorphous steels based on the system of nonlinear differential equations with approximation of the magnetization curve of steel by a hyperbolic expression. The model was applied to the calculation of a voltage transformer with different brands of amorphous alloys. The model of the anti-resonance voltage transformer based on the finite element method and created with the help of the FEMM PC was used to verify the obtained results which made it possible to obtain a graphical representation of magnetic induction distribution in the voltage transformer magnetic circuit.

scholarly journals VI. On magnetic circuits in dynamo-and magneto-electric machines

1880 ◽  
Vol 30 (200-205) ◽  
pp. 287-293
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Magnetic Circuit ◽  
Electric Machines ◽  
Magnetic Circuits ◽  
Closed Magnetic Circuit ◽  
The Masses

A large amount of magnetism is retained by the soft iron cores of electro-magnets, when arranged so as to form a complete magnetic circuit: and sparks and other indications of the passage of an electric current can be obtained at the ends of the helix wires surrounding those soft iron cores, each time the masses of iron are separated and the closed magnetic circuit opened. In order to procure a spark the breaking of the circuit must be effected suddenly, either by a jerk, tilt, or sliding movement. In the case of the 58 lb. magnet described in our former note, the current that is capable of causing a spark, although only momentary in duration, is found to be sufficient in quantity and intensity to magnetize a small electro-magnet, weighing with its coils between 5 and 6 lbs., enabling it to sustain its own weight for any indefinite time when suspended by its armature.

scholarly journals WAYS TO IMPROVE INDUCTION CRUCIBLE FURNARES

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
G. E. Levshin
Keyword(s):  
Cylindrical Shell ◽  
Electromagnetic Scattering ◽  
Magnetic Circuit ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Crucible Wall ◽  
Closed Cavity ◽  
Magnetic Circuits ◽  
Crucible Furnace ◽  
Induction Crucible Furnaces

Analysis of the main drawbacks caused by increased walls thickness of a lined crucible, presence of tubular copper single-layer inductor cooled from inside with standard water and absence or presence of core I-shaped magnetic circuits arranged around it forming a discrete ferromagnetic screen, was made for modern induction crucible furnaces. The first drawback is that a significant part of working electromagnetic flow Fwork is not used for effective heating, since it passes along the non-conductive lining of crucible, and not along the cage. Therefore, only 38.5  –  57.0  % of the flow Fwork is effectively used. The second drawback is increased cost and complexity of manufacturing of inductor coils from a special copper tube, which vibrate at twice the frequency, creating noise and weakening design of the furnace. Such inductors are characterized by reduced electrical efficiency and increased cost of preparation and cooling of conditioned water in systems that occupy an area several times greater than the area of furnace itself. The third drawback leads to the fact that a significant part of electromagnetic scattering flow of the Fconsupt does not participate in heating of charge and melt, but heats conductive elements of furnace, including surrounding magnetic inductor. Irrational use of total flow F, created by inductor, reduces its efficiency to almost 19  –  30  %, and the power factor cosφ to 0.03  –  0.10 and increases energy consumption. To reduce or eliminate disadvantages, three ways of improving these furnaces are proposed and justified: reducing thickness of crucible wall with its simultaneous hardening by installing a cylindrical shell between the crucible and the inductor, surrounding the inductor with an annular magnetic circuit and using a single or multiwire inductor instead of a tubular one. Combination of cylindrical shell, annular magnetic circuit, as well as the upper and lower plates of the furnace frame can form an annular closed cavity to accommodate wire inductor and circulating refrigerant, cooling the inductor and the magnetic circuit. As a result of the study, new design of induction crucible furnace with wire inductor and ring-type magnetic circuit developed at AltSTU is proposed, substantiated and patented. Based on experimental determination of effectiveness of the proposed structural elements, conclusion is made about the prospects for further research.

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