Enhanced Formability in Sheet Metals Produced by Cladding a High Strain-Rate Sensitive Layer

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
X. H. Hu ◽  
P. D. Wu ◽  
D. J. Lloyd ◽  
J. D. Embury
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Strain Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Sensitive Layer ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Clad Sheet ◽  
Clad Layer ◽  
The One

The necking behavior of cladding sheets with a rate-sensitive layer cladding on a rate-insensitive core material has been studied. A nonlinear long-wavelength analysis, similar to the one proposed by Hutchinson and Neale (1977, “Influence of Strain-Rate Sensitivity on Necking Under Uniaxial Tension,” Acta Metal., 25, pp. 839–846) for monolithic rate-sensitive materials, is developed to identify the onset of necking in a rate-sensitive clad sheet. This relatively simple analysis is validated by comparing its numerical results with those based on more complicated finite element analysis. It is demonstrated that for monolithic rate-sensitive materials the proposed nonlinear analysis reduces to the one developed by Hutchinson and Neale (1977). For cladding sheets, it is found that the necking strain increases monotonically by increasing the strain-rate sensitivity of the clad layer if the volume fraction of cladding is fixed. It is also revealed that, for fixed strain-rate sensitivity of the clad layer, necking localization is retarded by increasing the volume fraction of the cladding layer.

The strain-rate sensitivity of the hardness in indentation creep

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 926-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Elmustafa ◽  
S. Kose ◽  
D.S. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Flow Stress ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Strain Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Hertzian Contact ◽  
Indentation Creep ◽  
Proportionality Factor ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Elastic Deformations ◽  
The Relationship

Finite element analysis is used to simulate indentation creep experiments with a cone-shaped indenter. The purpose of the work is to help identify the relationship between the strain-rate sensitivity of the hardness, νH, and that of the flow stress, νσ in materials for which elastic deformations are significant. In general, νH differs from νσ, but the ratio νH/νσ is found to be a unique function of H/E* where H is the hardness and E* is the modulus relevant to Hertzian contact. νH/νσ approaches 1 for small H/E*, 0 for large H/E*, and is insensitive to work hardening. The trend in νH/νσ as a function of H/E* can be explained based on a generalized analysis of Tabor’s relation in which hardness is proportional to the flow stress H = k × σeff and in which the proportionality factor k is a function of σeff/E*.

The Effect of Controlled Melt-Solidification on the Strain Rate Sensitivity of a Squeeze-Cast Hybrid-Reinforced Aluminum AA 6061 Matrix Composite

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
B.O. Malomo ◽  
O.O. Fadodun ◽  
K.M. Oluwasegun ◽  
A.T. Ogunbodede ◽  
S.A. Ibitoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Strain Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Matrix Composite ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Squeeze Casting ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Tensile Elongation ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Cooling Rates

A framework based on the relationship between variations in cooling rates and volume fraction of reinforcements during solidification processing to enhance the deformation behavior of aluminum alloy AA6061 matrix composite produced with a hybrid system of reinforcements is investigated in this study. The aluminum matrix composite with 5 %, 10 % and 20 % volume fraction of reinforcements (Al2O3-SiC) was synthesized by infiltrating molten aluminum AA 6061 at a pouring temperature of 740 °C into prefabricated preforms of reinforcements at a pressure of 80 MPa, die preheat temperature of 300 °C and pressure holding time of 15 s using the squeeze casting method. By employing water jet spraying at the rate of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 kg/s and taking measurements using a K-type thermocouple, cooling rates were obtained in correspondence with varying volume fractions of reinforcements. The developed composites were sectioned and microstructural features were examined by optical microscopy. Tensile testing was conducted according to ASTM B557 standard using an MTS testing machine. It was observed that cooling rates decreased as the volume fraction of reinforcements was increased and the cooling time also increased accordingly during this process. With respect to deformation behavior, higher cooling rates are associated with an improvement in mechanical properties at 5 % and 10 % additions of hybrid reinforcement particles but this effect diminishes as the volume fraction of reinforcements was increased to 20 %. Also, the strain rate sensitivity (SRS) exponent increased considerably with strain rates and volume fraction of reinforcements, but the tensile elongation values decreased with increasing volume fraction of reinforcements; and the variations in these properties were most significant for samples containing 20% volume fraction of hybrid reinforcements.From the foregoing, it follows that an experimentally-determined optimal solidification range is critical to the enhancement of deformation parameters as the volume fraction of reinforcements is varied in a squeeze casting process.

Strain Rate Sensitivity of 31Mn-3Al-3Si TWIP Steel with Partially Recrystallized Fine Grained Structure

2008 ◽  
Vol 584-586 ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rintaro Ueji ◽  
Kenji Harada ◽  
Akihiko Takemura ◽  
Kazutoshi Kunishige
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Strain Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Twip Steel ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Tensile Deformation ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Dislocation Cell ◽  
Annealed Specimen ◽  
Deformation Behaviors

Strain rate sensitivity of the strength of TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) steel with the mixture of recrystallized fine grains and rolling-deformation microstructures was studied. The 31mass%Mn-3%Al-3%Si TWIP steel sheet was severely cold-rolled to a reduction of 92% and subsequently annealed at various temperatures ranging from 600oC to 700oC in order to obtain the partial recrystallized microstructure with various fraction of recrystallized microstructure. The 600oC annealed specimen keeps similar morphologies as observed in the as-rolled structure consisting of both the fine lamellar dislocation cell structure and the twin/matrix lamellar structure; whereas, in the specimen annealed at 625oC or 675oC , the partially recrystallized fine grains (d~1µm) with a few dislocations evolve. The volume fraction of recrystallized fine grains increases with increasing of the annealing temperature while the mean diameter of the recrystallized grains is not changed largely. The tensile deformation behaviors were measured at various strain rates ranging from 10-3sec-1 to 102sec-1. The strength and elongation become smaller and larger, respectively, with increasing the fraction of the recrystallized microstructure. The activation volume of dislocations becomes larger with increasing the fraction of recrystallized microstructure.

Analysis of indentation creep

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don S. Stone ◽  
Joseph E. Jakes ◽  
Jonathan Puthoff ◽  
Abdelmageed A. Elmustafa
Keyword(s):  
Flow Stress ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Strain Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Fused Silica ◽  
Indentation Creep ◽  
Modulus Ratio ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Self Similar

Finite element analysis is used to simulate cone indentation creep in materials across a wide range of hardness, strain rate sensitivity, and work-hardening exponent. Modeling reveals that the commonly held assumption of the hardness strain rate sensitivity (mH) equaling the flow stress strain rate sensitivity (mσ) is violated except in low hardness/modulus materials. Another commonly held assumption is that for self-similar indenters the indent area increases in proportion to the (depth)2 during creep. This assumption is also violated. Both violations are readily explained by noting that the proportionality “constants” relating (i) hardness to flow stress and (ii) area to (depth)2 are, in reality, functions of hardness/modulus ratio, which changes during creep. Experiments on silicon, fused silica, bulk metallic glass, and poly methyl methacrylate verify the breakdown of the area-(depth)2 relation, consistent with the theory. A method is provided for estimating area from depth during creep.

Dynamic Tensile Properties of TiCp/Ti Composite

2008 ◽  
Vol 385-387 ◽  
pp. 873-876
Author(s):  
Fang Jiang ◽  
Dong Zhao ◽  
Jian Guo Ning
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
High Strain Rate ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Strain Rate Sensitivity ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
High Strain Rate Sensitivity

The tensile properties of a titanium alloy reinforced with 3% by volume fraction of TiC particles and of an unreinforced titanium alloy are studied over a range of strain rates from 0.0001s-1 to 1300s-1 using quasi-static material testing system (MTS810) and split Hopkinson tensile bar apparatus. The experimental results show that both the TiCp/Ti composite and its matrix alloy exhibit an obvious strain-rate hardening property. But the high strain-rate sensitivity of the TiCp/Ti composite is significantly higher than that of the matrix. The high strain-rate sensitivity of the TiCp/Ti composite is considered to be originated from the high dislocation accumulation rate during dynamic deformation and the constraint of TiC particles on the surrounding matrix, which dramatically enhances rate of the matrix. Finally, a phenomenological dynamic constitutive relation is established considering the composite is elastic-perfectly plastic material.

scholarly journals Twinning-Induced Abnormal Strain Rate Sensitivity and Indentation Creep Behavior in Nanocrystalline Mg Alloy

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7104
Author(s):  
Shilun Yu ◽  
Yingchun Wan ◽  
Chuming Liu ◽  
Zhiyong Chen ◽  
Xiangyang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Strain Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Creep Behavior ◽  
Nanocrystalline Materials ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Indentation Creep ◽  
Zr Alloy

Nanocrystalline materials exhibit many unique physical and chemical properties with respect to their coarse-grained counterparts due to the high volume fraction of grain boundaries. Research interests on nanocrystalline materials around the world have been lasting over the past decades. In this study, we explored the room temperature strain rate sensitivity and creep behavior of the nanocrystalline Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy by using a nanoindentation technique. Results showed that the hardness and creep displacements of the nanocrystalline Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy decreased with increasing loading strain rate. That is, the nanocrystalline Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy showed negative strain rate sensitivity and its creep behavior also exhibited negative rate dependence. It was revealed that the enhanced twinning activities at higher loading strain rates resulted in reduced hardness and creep displacements. The dominant creep mechanism of the nanocrystalline Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy is discussed based on a work-of-indentation theory in this paper.

SERRATION BEHAVIOR OF AA5182/POLYPROPYLENE/AA5182 SANDWICH SHEETS

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (25n27) ◽  
pp. 4316-4321
Author(s):  
KEE JOO KIM ◽  
JOO SUNG KIM
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Strain Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Tensile Deformation ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Thickness Variation ◽  
Sandwich Sheet ◽  
Serration Behavior ◽  
Sandwich Sheets

The examination of serration behavior has been made after the tensile deformation of the AA/PP/AA sandwich sheets as well as that of the 5182 aluminum skins. All sandwich sheets and the 5182 aluminum skin showed serration behavior on their flow curves. However, the magnitude of serration was significantly diminished in the sandwich sheet with high volume fraction of the polypropylene core. According to the results of the analysis of the surface roughness following the tensile test, Lüders band depth of the sandwich sheet evidently showed lower than that of the 5182 aluminum skin. The strain rate sensitivity, m-value, of the 5182 aluminum skin was -0.006. By attaching these skins to the polypropylene core, which has relatively large positive value of 0.050, m-value of the sandwich sheets changed to a positive value. The serration reduction of the sandwich sheets was quantitatively investigated with respect to the effect on polypropylene thickness variation, that on the strain rate sensitivity and that on the localized stress state. It was found that the serration reduction degree from the experimental results of the sandwich sheet was higher than from the calculated values by the rule of mixture based on the volume fraction of the skins and the core.

Strain rate sensitivity in nanoindentation creep of hard materials

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 2912-2916 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Elmustafa ◽  
D.S. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Strain Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Activation Volume ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Fused Silica ◽  
Indentation Creep ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Hard Materials ◽  
Von Mises

This paper examines the strain rate sensitivity of the hardness νH in relation to the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress (νσ) in hard solids when there is friction between the indenter and specimen. Finite element analysis is used to simulate indentation creep of von Mises solids with a range of hardness/modulus ratios (H/E*) and coefficients of friction, μ, for indenter–specimen contact. We find that, although the level of H is affected by friction, the ratio νH/νσ as a function of H/E* remains nearly unchanged. Measurements indicate that νH = 0.015 ± 0.02 for fused silica, from which, based on the present analysis, νσ ≈ 0.022 and from which an activation volume of 0.13 nm3 can be estimated for plastic deformation.

Analysis of Indentation Creep

2007 ◽  
Vol 1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Stone ◽  
A. A. Elmustafa
Keyword(s):  
Flow Stress ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Strain Rate Sensitivity ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Indentation Creep ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Power Law Exponent

AbstractIncreasingly, indentation creep experiments are being used to characterize rate-sensitive deformation in specimens that, due to small size or high hardness, are difficult to characterize by more conventional methods like uniaxial loading. In the present work we use finite element analysis to simulate indentation creep in a collection of materials whose properties vary across a wide range of hardness, strain rate sensitivities, and work hardening exponents. Our studies reveal that the commonly held assumption that the strain rate sensitivity of the hardness equals that of the flow stress is violated except for materials with low hardness/modulus ratios like soft metals. Another commonly held assumption is that the area of the indent increases with the square of depth during constant load creep. This latter assumption is used in an analysis where the experimenter estimates the increase in indent area (decrease in hardness) during creep based on the change in depth. This assumption is also strongly violated. Fortunately, both violations are easily explained by noting that the “constants” of proportionality relating 1) hardness to flow stress and 2) area to (depth)2 are actually functions of the hardness/modulus ratio. Based upon knowledge of these functions it is possible to accurately calculate 1) the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress from a measurement of the strain rate sensitivity of the hardness and 2) the power law exponent relating area to depth during constant load creep.

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