Thermodynamic Properties of Gas Mixtures Encountered in Gas-Turbine and Jet-Propulsion Processes

1948 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-361
Author(s):  
Joseph Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Tabular Data ◽  
Jet Propulsion

Abstract The presentation of data for gas mixtures on a molal basis reduces greatly the number of gas tables required for calculations of processes in a wide variety of mixtures. This simplification of the tabular data is illustrated in detail by consideration of several gas mixtures and of the processes encountered in the design of gas turbines. Three tables of products of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel with air are sufficient to permit calculations of all processes of interest, with an average error of about 0.1 per cent over a large range of hydrogen-carbon ratios of the fuel and over the range of fuel-air ratios for lean mixtures. Furthermore, these three tables may be used with the same error for calculations involving mixtures of air and octane vapor as well as for mixtures of air and water vapor.

Long-Term Degradation of Ceramics for Gas Turbine Applications

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark van Roode ◽  
Mattison K. Ferber
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Ceramic Matrix Composites ◽  
Oxide Ceramic ◽  
Component Design ◽  
Temperature Capability ◽  
Silicon Based

A study has been conducted to establish the effect of long-term (30,000+ hours) properties of monolithic ceramics (Si3N49 SiC), SiC/SiC and oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and protective coatings on component life in gas turbine engines with pressure ratios (PRs) ranging from 5:1 to 30:1. A model has been presented that shows the interaction between two major long-term degradation modes of ceramics, creep and degradation from water vapor attack in the ceramic hot section. Water vapor attack is the most severe mode overshadowing creep for long-term (∼30,000 hours) gas turbine operation, and its impact on component durability becomes more severe as PR increases. Components in the turbine hot section, downstream from the combustor (blades, integral turbine rotors, nozzles), fabricated from Si3N4 without protective coatings, have a temperature limitation of ∼800°C for gas turbines with PR ranging from 5:1 to 30:1. These ceramic components afford little, if any, advantage over metallic components for improving gas turbine performance. The application of a BSAS-type Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) would improve temperature capability of turbine nozzles and rotating parts to ∼1100–1200°C. For small low-PR (5:1) engines, thick (∼10 mm) uncoated monolithic silicon-based combustor liners can be used up to ∼1360°C and thinner (∼3 mm) SiC/SiC CMCs up to ∼1100°C. These temperatures are reduced for higher-PR engines. The incorporation of a BSAS-type EBC improves temperature capability of silicon-based ceramic combustor liners. Oxide/oxide CMCs with protective coatings have a predicted temperature capability of ∼1220-∼1380°C over the range of PR range studied. They can be used as structural materials for combustor liners and other stationary turbine hot section components. As PR increases the durability of coated oxide/oxide CMCs improves relative to that of silicon-based monolithics and CMCs. As expected, ceramic component durability increases for shorter component design lives, making these materials more acceptable for shorter-term applications, such as automotive transportation (∼3,000 hours/150,000 km).

The Development of an Axial Flow Gas Turbine for Jet Propulsion

1947 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 471-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Bench Test ◽  
Jet Propulsion ◽  
Flow Type ◽  
Company Limited ◽  
Flow Compressor ◽  
Main Component

The paper reviews the technical development of the F2 jet propulsion engine, an axial flow gas turbine designed and manufactured by the Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company, Limited, under contract from the Ministry of Aircraft Production. An account is given of the preliminary work in 1938–9, in collaboration with the Royal Aircraft Establishment, on gas turbines for aircraft propulsion. The development of a simple jet engine of the axial flow type was started in July 1940. The first engine ran on bench test in December 1941. The first flights took place in June 1943 on a flying testbed, and in November 1943 on a jet-propelled aircraft. The evolution of engines of this type, leading up to the current F2/4 jet propulsion engine, is described. Each main component of the engine—the axial flow compressor, the annular combustion chamber and the high temperature turbine—necessitated extensive development work in fields previously unexplored; the methods used in the development of these and other components are explained. The F2 engine was the first British jet propulsion engine of axial flow type, and it is also unique amongst British engines in the straight-through design and annular combustion chamber that gives an exceptionally low frontal area.

scholarly journals Identification of wavelength regions for non-contact temperature measurement of combustion gases at high temperatures and high pressures

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-260
Author(s):  
MATTHIAS ZIPF ◽  
JOCHEN MANARA ◽  
THOMAS STARK ◽  
MARIACARLA ARDUINI ◽  
HANS-PETER EBERT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Radiation Thermometer ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Gas Cell

Stationary gas turbines are still an important part of today’s power supply. With increasing temperature of the hot combustion gas inside a gas turbine, the efficiency factor of the turbine increases. For this reason, it is intended to operate turbines at the highest possible gas temperature. Therefore, in the combustion chamber and especially at the position of the first stage guide vanes the gas temperature needs to be measured reliably. To determine the gas temperature, one promising approach is the application of a non-contact measurement method using a radiation thermometer. A radiation thermometer can measure the gas temperature remotely from outside of the harsh environment. At ZAE Bayern, a high temperature and high-pressure gas cell has been developed for this purpose in order to investigate gases and gas mixtures under defined conditions at high pressures and high temperatures. This gas cell can be placed in a FTIR-spectrometer in order to characterize the infrared-optical properties of the gases. In this work the measurement setup is introduced and gas mixtures, which are relevant for gas turbine applications are analyzed thoroughly. The derived results are presented and discussed in detail. To identify suitable wavelength regions for non-contact gas temperature measurements, first tests have been performed. Based on these tests, an appropriate wavelength region could be chosen, where future gas temperature measurements can be carried out.

Study of Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Gas Turbine for Carbon Capture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Burnes ◽  
Priyank Saxena ◽  
Paul Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Gas Recirculation ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Hybrid Solutions ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Recirculation

Abstract The growing call of minimizing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitting from energy and transportation products will spur innovation to meet new stringent requirements while striving to preserve significant investments in the current infrastructure. This paper presents quantitative analysis of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on industrial gas turbines to enable carbon sequestration venturing towards emission free operation. This study will show the effect of using EGR on gas turbine performance and operation, combustion characteristics, and demonstrate potential hybrid solutions with detailed constituent accounting. Both single shaft and two shaft gas turbines for power generation and mechanically driven equipment are considered for application of this technology. One key element is assessing the combustion system operating at reduced O2 levels within the industrial gas turbine. With the gas turbine behavior operating with EGR defined at a reasonable operating state, a parametric study shows rates of CO2 sequestration along with quantifying supplemental O2 required at the inlet, if needed, to sustain combustion. With rates of capture known, a further exploration is examined reviewing potential utilities, monetizing these sequestered constituents. Ultimately, the objective is to preview a potential future of operating industrial gas turbines in a non-emissive and in some cases carbon negative manner while still using hydrocarbon fuel.

scholarly journals Gas Turbines - Major Greenhouse Gas Inhibitors

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (12) ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Lee S. Langston
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Combined Cycle

This article explains how combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plants can help in reducing greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. In the last 25 years, the development and deployment of CCGT power plants represent a technology breakthrough in efficient energy conversion, and in the reduction of greenhouse gas production. Existing gas turbine CCGT technology can provide a reliable, on-demand electrical power at a reasonable cost along with a minimum of greenhouse gas production. Natural gas, composed mostly of methane, is a hydrocarbon fuel used by CCGT power plants. Methane has the highest heating value per unit mass of any of the hydrocarbon fuels. It is the most environmentally benign of fuels, with impurities such as sulfur removed before it enters the pipeline. If a significant portion of coal-fired Rankine cycle plants are replaced by the latest natural gas-fired CCGT power plants, anthropogenic carbon dioxide released into the earth’s atmosphere would be greatly reduced.

scholarly journals Thermophysical properties of noble gas mixtures with low Prandtl number

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Egorov ◽  
L.V. Stepanova
Keyword(s):  
Prandtl Number ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermophysical Properties ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Working Medium ◽  
Working Parameters

The article investigates thermal (thermal conductivity and viscosity) and thermodynamic (density, heat capacity, enthalpy, compression coefficient) properties of inert gases and their mixtures, which are used as the main working medium in promising closed gas turbine for the space needs. Closed gas turbines can be used in various space applications – unmanned spacecrafts, communication satellites and manned martian mission. Experimental research into thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of noble gases and their mixtures is considered. It was revealed that by this time enough amounts of experimental data concerning the properties of both single inert gases and their mixtures had been obtained. These data are used in different models based on kinetic theory of gases and virial real gas condition equation which makes possible to predict necessary thermophysical parameters. While calculating and designing closed gas-turbine installations it is necessary to take into account adiabatic change and Prandtl number of inert gas mixtures. While approaching working parameters to xenon saturation line one should consider the increase of calculated dependency errors

Selection of a High-Efficiency Regenerator for Pipeline Gas Turbines

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Steel Plate ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Cost Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The dramatically rising cost of hydrocarbon fuel in recent years has reemphasized industry attention to high thermal efficiency for its pipeline compressor drive gas turbine engines. The advent of a new stainless steel plate-fin industrial regenerator has made possible greatly improved gas turbine thermal efficiency, compact installation, and long life. The selection of the optimum match of regenerator effectiveness and pressure drop with engine characteristics is discussed together with the size and cost impact of these parameters. New design features are developed that ensure historical regenerator problems are handled effectively.

Thermodynamic Property Models for the Simulation of Advanced Wet Cycles

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Yan ◽  
X. Ji ◽  
M. Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Thermodynamic Property ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Elevated Pressure ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Cycle Systems

Advanced gas turbine cycles with water or steam addition (i.e., wet cycles) have attracted much interest in recent years and some commercial systems are available. Because water is added into different points of a gas turbine depending on the methods of water addition, the working fluid of gas turbine has been changed to air-water (humid air) mixture at elevated pressure. Thus, the thermodynamic properties of working fluid are different as conventional gas turbines. Accurate calculation models for thermodynamic properties of air-water mixture are of importance for process simulation, and traceable performance test of turbomachinery and heat exchangers in the wet cycle systems. However, the impacts of thermodynamic properties on the simulation of systems and their components have been overlooked. This paper is to present our study and provide a comprehensive comparison of exiting thermodynamic models of air-water mixtures. Different models including ours have been used to calculate some components including compressor, humidification tower, heat exchanger etc. in wet cycles for investigating the impacts of thermodynamic properties on the system performance. It reveals that a careful selection of thermodynamic property model is crucial for the design of cycles. This paper will provide a useful tool for predicting the performance of the system and design of the wet cycle components and systems.

The Impact of Thermodynamic Properties of Air-Water Vapor Mixtures on Design of Evaporative Gas Turbine Cycles

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farnosh Dalili ◽  
Martin Andrén ◽  
Jinyue Yan ◽  
Mats Westermark
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Thermodynamic Property ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Real Gas ◽  
The Real ◽  
Property Data ◽  
Vapor Mixtures ◽  
The Impact

Reliable thermodynamic property data for air-water vapor mixtures are lacking for the design of evaporative gas turbine cycles (EvGT). Due to high working pressures and temperatures of gas turbines, considerable error would occur when applying the ideal models instead of the real gas mixture models. This paper presents an extensive literature study regarding models for computing thermodynamic property data of gas mixtures. The Hyland and Wexler model is found to be the best available despite the limited temperature range. However, experimental data are needed to verify the extrapolation. Furthermore, this paper evaluates the impact of thermodynamic properties of air-water vapor mixtures on the design of EvGT cycles. A suggested EvGT configuration, with results based on ideal gas mixture model and steam tables, is selected as a reference. The real properties of the working fluid mixture are recalculated by the means of the Hyland and Wexler model and applied in the cycle calculation. The results based on real data are compared to those based on ideal. The results show that the real gas model predicts higher saturation humidity at a given temperature. The higher volatility of water improves the humidification performance. In the case studied here, the flue gas temperature is lowered by about 3°C and the cycle efficiency is improved only marginally. The real gas model predicts higher heat duty for superheating of moist air by about 10 percent, or 2 MW. Finally, it can be concluded that thermodynamic property data mainly affect component sizing, especially the humid air superheater and to some extent the boiler.

A Novel Concept for Combined Heat and Cooling in Humid Gas Turbine Cycles

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Corradetti ◽  
Umberto Desideri ◽  
Ashok D. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Electrical Efficiency ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Net Power Output

Various gas turbine cycles are known where water is introduced as a liquid or as a vapor into the combustor of the gas turbine. Such cycles include the Humid Air Turbine (HAT) cycle, the Steam Injected (STIG) cycle, and the Regenerated Water Injected gas turbine cycle (RWI). The effect of water vapor is the increasing of net power output and the reduction of NOx formation within the combustor. However the net increase in power output is limited in commercial models of gas turbines, because a large addition of water vapor leads to the mismatch between the compressor and the turbine. In this paper a possible method to solve this problem is proposed: it is based on a novel concept for combining refrigeration and power production in humid gas turbine cycles. In the proposed system a fraction of the air at compressor discharge is extracted, cooled to nearly ambient temperature, dried and expanded in a turbine. At turbine outlet the air is at a very low temperature and can be used for providing refrigeration. A thermodynamic analysis has been carried out to investigate the performance of the system in HAT, STIG and RWI cycles for different operating conditions representing the state of art of commercial gas turbines. In particular the pressure ratio and the turbine inlet temperature have been respectively varied in the range 7–45 and 900–1500°C. Sensitivity analyses have been performed to assess how the amounts of extracted air and injected steam affect the net power output, the electrical efficiency and the cooling. The results show that cryogenic temperatures (lower than −100°C) for refrigeration can be achieved in combination with very high electrical efficiency (over 40%, typical of humid gas turbine cycles).

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