A Law of Work-Hardening

A. M. Freudenthal; M. Reiner

doi:10.1115/1.4009847

A Law of Work-Hardening

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.4009847 ◽

1948 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 265-273

Author(s):

A. M. Freudenthal ◽

M. Reiner

Keyword(s):

Mild Steel ◽

Work Hardening ◽

Wire Drawing ◽

Total Work ◽

Exponential Functions ◽

Recoverable Strain ◽

Annealed State ◽

Logarithmic Measure ◽

Work Of Deformation ◽

Crystalline Metal

Abstract Based on the “blocking” theory of the strength of a poly-crystalline metal, a law of work-hardening is derived and checked experimentally on mild steel deformed by wire-drawing up to a deformation of 4.6 in the logarithmic measure. The law correlates the recoverable strain work with the total work of deformation in a series of exponential functions, the number of which corresponds to the number of sizes of crystal grains present in the annealed state.

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The Stress and Deformation in Mild Steel During Axisymmetric Necking

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.3422939 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 271-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. A. Kaplan

Keyword(s):

Mild Steel ◽

Work Hardening ◽

Flow Region ◽

Material Behavior ◽

Experimental Result ◽

Radius Of Curvature ◽

Specific Work ◽

Flow Equations ◽

Closed Form Solutions ◽

Stress And Deformation

Closed-form solutions for the stress and deformation fields near the minimum section of the neck are obtained for a mild steel rod subject to axial extension by tensile loads. The procedure involves the use of an experimental result together with the incompressibility and symmetry conditions to find the deformations independently of the stresses. The stresses are then determined with the Levy-Mises flow equations without the use of a specific work-hardening rule. The solution, because of a simplifying assumption, is not valid throughout the entire plastic flow region. Experimental evidence indicates, however, that the region of validity extends well beyond the fracture region. The results enable the tensile test to be used to provide a complete description of material behavior until fracture. To accomplish this, it is necessary to measure the axial load and the radius and radius of curvature at the minimum section. As an example, the work-hardening characteristics of mild steel are determined under the usual work or strain-hardening hypothesis. The application of the results to ductile metals, other than mild steel, is briefly discussed.

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A work-hardening model of the lower yield strength of discontinuously yielding alloys: Ni3Al and mild steel

Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.1557/jmr.1989.0470 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 470-472 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

E. M. Schulson

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Yield Strength ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Work Hardening ◽

Lower Yield ◽

Hardening Model ◽

Lower Yield Strength ◽

Work Hardening Model ◽

Lüders Bands

The lower yield strengths of Ni3Al and mild steel and their respective relationships to (grain size)−0.8 and (grain size)−0.5 are explained in terms of work hardening within Lüders bands.

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Influence of the Preforming Material State in Common Tribological Tests

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1140.75 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1140 ◽

pp. 75-82

Author(s):

Bastian Zimmermann ◽

Marion Merklein

Keyword(s):

Compression Test ◽

Work Hardening ◽

Test Sample ◽

Wire Drawing ◽

Cold Forging ◽

The Real ◽

Friction Factors ◽

Ring Compression ◽

Material State ◽

Rolled Wire

Different tests to determine friction factors for cold forging processes are given in the literature. The double cup extrusion test, the ring compression test and the T-shape compression test are three of the common tests, which are compared in this investigation. From former investigations it is known that there is an influence of the work-hardening of the test sample on the friction factor, which is determined by the test. At this study, the influence of the work-hardening of the material on the three named tests is investigated by using a wire drawing process. In addition, the drawn wire from the originally thermo mechanical rolled wire is also annealed to have a second material state without any work-hardening. The used material and its numerical modelling as well as the analyzed tribological conditions of the real specimens are described. Afterwards the three test setups are explained for the numerical as well as for the real experiments. In the end, the influence of the drawing respectively the work-hardening for the three tests is presented and discussed.

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High-Range Plasticity of Metals Beyond Normal Work-Hardening

Journal of Engineering for Industry ◽

10.1115/1.4008293 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 178-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. V. Crane ◽

W. S. Wagner

Keyword(s):

Work Hardening ◽

Wire Drawing ◽

Tensile Failure ◽

Cold Extrusion ◽

Range Data ◽

Plastic Range ◽

Testing Technique ◽

Technical Data ◽

Normal Work ◽

High Range

Metals, plastically worked for mass-production purposes are shown to have a little known and potentially valuable “high” working range, primarily compressive and substantially beyond commonplace practices and physicals. This “high range” lies beyond the point of normal tensile failure. It is distinguished by a steeper or more rapid rate of work-hardening. While some use has been made of it, to advantage, in wire-drawing, rolling, cold extrusion, and shell drawing, inadequate technical data concerning it may be attributed to unfamiliarity with the testing program. To provide pressed-metal engineering with the extended plastic-range data needed for planning operation sequences, a testing technique is outlined, which if not new, is at least unfamiliar and potentially useful until a better method is devised.

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The effect of deformation on the banded martensite microstructure in a dilute uranium alloy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100144309 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 566-567

Author(s):

John G. Speer ◽

David V. Edmonds

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Behavior ◽

Shape Memory ◽

Work Hardening ◽

Shape Recovery ◽

Recoverable Strain ◽

Shape Memory Behavior ◽

Uranium Alloy ◽

Work Hardening Rate ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Martensite Microstructure

Experimental observations of shape-memory behavior and related phenomena have been reported for uranium alloy systems. Vandermeer, et al. published the first evidence of shape-memory in uranium alloys using a U-14 at.% Nb alloy. On heating the deformed martensitic phase, complete shape recovery was observed for tensile strains up to 7%. The work hardening rate was very low in the region of recoverable strain, and Vandermeer suggested that the shapememory behavior in these alloys results from the ability of the banded martensite to deform by the movement of glissile interfaces. The present investigation was undertaken in order to examine the effect of deformation on the microstructure of a banded uranium martensite, and to provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the mechanical behavior of these alloys.

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