BTX-A Administration to the Target Muscle Affects Forces of All Muscles Within an Intact Compartment and Epimuscular Myofascial Force Transmission

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Can A. Yucesoy ◽  
Önder Emre Arıkan ◽  
Filiz Ateş
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin Type A ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Myofascial Force Transmission ◽  
Intact Muscle

Measurement of forces of mono- and bi-articular muscles of an entire intact muscle compartment can allow for a comprehensive assessment of the effects of Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) both at and beyond the injection site, and in conditions close to those in vivo. The goal was to test the hypotheses that BTX-A affects (1) the forces of not only the injected but also the noninjected muscles of the compartment, and (2) epimuscular myofascial force transmission (EMFT). Two groups of Wistar rats were tested: Control (no BTX-A injected) and BTX (0.1 units of BTX-A were injected exclusively to the mid-belly of TA). Isometric forces were measured simultaneously at the distal tendons of the tibialis anterior (TA) at different lengths, the restrained extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and the extensor hallucis longus (EHL) muscles and at the proximal tendon of EDL. Five days post-injection, BTX-A did affect the total forces of all muscles significantly: (1) The TA force decreased differentially (by 46.6%–55.9%) for most lengths such that a significant negative correlation was found between force reductions and increased muscle length. The maximum TA force decreased by 47.3%. However, the muscle’s length range of force production did not change significantly. (2) Distal and proximal EDL forces decreased (on average by 67.8% and 62.9%, respectively). (3) The EHL force also decreased (on average by 9.2%). The passive forces of only the TA showed a significant increase at higher lengths. EMFT effects were shown for the control group: (1) at the shortest TA lengths, the EDL proximo-distal force differences were in favor of the distal force, which was reversed at higher lengths. (2) the EHL force measured at the shortest TA length decreased (by 34%) as a function of TA lengthening. After BTX-A exposure, such EMFT effects disappeared for the EDL, whereas they remained as profound for the EHL. Exposure to BTX-A does affect forces of all muscles operating in an intact compartment. For the BTX-A injected muscle, the reduction in muscle force becomes less pronounced at higher muscle lengths. BTX-A also has effects on EMFT, however, these effects are not uniform within the anterior crural compartment. Decreased forces of the noninjected synergistic muscles suggest the presence of unintended additional effects of BTX-A both for the targeted distal joint and for the nontargeted proximal joint.

scholarly journals Non-myotendinous force transmission in rat extensor digitorum longus muscle

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Huijing ◽  
G C Baan ◽  
G T Rebel
Keyword(s):  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Length Change ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longus Muscle ◽  
Intact Muscle

The extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) of the rat hindleg consists of four heads. The heads are named after their insertions on the digits of toes II, III, IV and V. The EDL heads share a proximal tendon and aponeurosis, but have separate distal aponeuroses and tendons. By cutting the distal tendons of selected heads, direct myotendinous force transmission within these heads is prevented. Therefore, force exerted by the muscle would be expected to decrease according to the physiological cross-sectional area disconnected if myotendinous force transmission were the only mechanism of force transmission. <P> The results indicate that EDL force production remained at high levels after acute tenotomy: muscle length-force curves did not alter significantly following cutting of the tendons of heads II and III. Cutting the tendon of head IV as well leaves only head V in its original condition. After tenotomy of head IV, length-force characteristics were altered significantly, but optimum force was maintained at 84 % of that of the intact muscle. After separation of head IV from head V intramuscularly for some distance along their interface, the force dropped to much lower levels, with optimum force approaching 50 % of that of the intact muscle. <P> The length of active proximal fibres (located within head II) did not remain constant but increased with increasing muscle lengths after tenotomy as well as after partial separation of heads IV and V. The amount of length change decreased after intramuscular separation of the heads, indicating declining reactive forces. <P> It is concluded that force transmission occurred from tenotomized heads to their intact neighbours and <I>vice versa</I>. The magnitude of the force transmitted from head to head was dependent on the degree of integrity of the connective tissue at the interface between heads. <P>

Pre-Strained Epimuscular Connections Cause Muscular Myofascial Force Transmission to Affect Properties of Synergistic EHL and EDL Muscles of the Rat

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can A. Yucesoy ◽  
Guus C. Baan ◽  
Bart H. F. J. M. Koopman ◽  
Henk J. Grootenboer ◽  
Peter A. Huijing
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Length ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Myofascial Force Transmission ◽  
Extensor Hallucis Longus ◽  
Edl Muscle ◽  
Force Difference ◽  
Force Characteristics

Background: Myofascial force transmission occurs between muscles (intermuscular myofascial force transmission) and from muscles to surrounding nonmuscular structures such as neurovascular tracts and bone (extramuscular myofascial force transmission). The purpose was to investigate the mechanical role of the epimuscular connections (the integral system of inter- and extramuscular connections) as well as the isolated role of extramuscular connections on myofascial force transmission and to test the hypothesis, if such connections are prestrained. Method of approach: Length-force characteristics of extensor hallucis longus (EHL) muscle of the rat were measured in two conditions: (I) with the neighboring EDL muscle and epimuscular connections of the muscles intact: EDL was kept at a constant muscle tendon complex length. (II) After removing EDL, leaving EHL with intact extramuscular connections exclusively. Results: (I) Epimuscular connections of the tested muscles proved to be prestrained significantly. (1) Passive EHL force was nonzero for all isometric EHL lengths including very low lengths, increasing with length to approximately 13% of optimum force at high length. (2) Significant proximodistal EDL force differences were found at all EHL lengths: Initially, proximal EDL force =1.18±0.11N, where as distal EDL force =1.50±0.08N (mean ± SE). EHL lengthening decreased the proximo-distal EDL force difference significantly (by 18.4%) but the dominance of EDL distal force remained. This shows that EHL lengthening reduces the prestrain on epimuscular connections via intermuscular connections; however; the prestrain on the extramuscular connections of EDL remains effective. (II) Removing EDL muscle affected EHL forces significantly. (1) Passive EHL forces decreased at all muscle lengths by approximately 17%. However, EHL passive force was still nonzero for the entire isometric EHL length range, indicating pre-strain of extramuscular connections of EHL. This indicates that a substantial part of the effects originates solely from the extramuscular connections of EHL. However, a role for intermuscular connections between EHL and EDL, when present, cannot be excluded. (2) Total EHL forces included significant shape changes in the length-force curve (e.g., optimal EHL force decreased significantly by 6%) showing that due to myofascial force transmission muscle length-force characteristics are not specific properties of individual muscles. Conclusions: The pre-strain in the epimuscular connections of EDL and EHL indicate that these myofascial pathways are sufficiently stiff to transmit force even after small changes in relative position of a muscle with respect to its neighboring muscular and nonmuscular tissues. This suggests the likelihood of such effects also in vivo.

scholarly journals Contributions of Stretch Activation to Length-dependent Contraction in Murine Myocardium

2006 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian E. Stelzer ◽  
Richard L. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Force Production ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Stretch Activation ◽  
Length Dependence ◽  
Systolic Ejection ◽  
End Diastolic Volume

The steep relationship between systolic force production and end diastolic volume (Frank-Starling relationship) in myocardium is a potentially important mechanism by which the work capacity of the heart varies on a beat-to-beat basis, but the molecular basis for the effects of myocardial fiber length on cardiac work are still not well understood. Recent studies have suggested that an intrinsic property of myocardium, stretch activation, contributes to force generation during systolic ejection in myocardium. To examine the role of stretch activation in length dependence of activation we recorded the force responses of murine skinned myocardium to sudden stretches of 1% of muscle length at both short (1.90 μm) and long (2.25 μm) sarcomere lengths (SL). Maximal Ca2+-activated force and Ca2+ sensitivity of force were greater at longer SL, such that more force was produced at a given Ca2+ concentration. Sudden stretch of myocardium during an otherwise isometric contraction resulted in a concomitant increase in force that quickly decayed to a minimum and was followed by a delayed development of force, i.e., stretch activation, to levels greater than prestretch force. At both maximal and submaximal activations, increased SL significantly reduced the initial rate of force decay following stretch; at submaximal activations (but not at maximal) the rate of delayed force development was accelerated. This combination of mechanical effects of increased SL would be expected to increase force generation during systolic ejection in vivo and prolong the period of ejection. These results suggest that sarcomere length dependence of stretch activation contributes to the steepness of the Frank-Starling relationship in living myocardium.

INTRA-, EXTRA- AND INTERMUSCULAR MYOFASCIAL FORCE TRANSMISION OF SYNERGISTS AND ANTAGONISTS: EFFECTS OF MUSCLE LENGTH AS WELL AS RELATIVE POSITION

2002 ◽  
Vol 02 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 405-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER A. HUIJING
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Muscle Belly ◽  
Myofascial Force Transmission ◽  
Antagonist Muscles ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
Edl Muscle

The concepts of intramuscular myofascial force transmission is reintroduced and reviewed on the basis of experiments involving tenotomy and aponeurotomy of dissected rat EDL muscle studied in situ. Results from experiments with measurements of force of EDL muscle, of which the muscle belly was not dissected (i.e. the muscle is surrounded by its natural connective tissue milieu) are discussed. In such experiments, force was measured at proximal as well as distal EDL tendons. Examples of experimental evidence for both extramuscular and intermuscular myofascial force transmission within the rat anterior crural compartment are presented. Evidence is presented also for differential effects of proximal and distal lengthening on myofascial force transmission from EDL, even for the case in which symmetric length changes were imposed on the muscle. It is shown that myofascial force transmission effects are not limited to synergists located within one compartment, but do also play a very substantial role in the interaction between antagonist muscles in neighbouring anterior crural and peroneal compartments.

scholarly journals Botulinum Toxin Type A for Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglion Block in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjae Yoo ◽  
Chang-Soon Lee ◽  
Jungsoo Kim ◽  
Dongwon Jo ◽  
Jee Youn Moon
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglion ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type A ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Type A ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ganglion Block ◽  
Relative Temperature

Background The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that botulinum toxin would prolong the duration of a lumbar sympathetic block measured through a sustained increase in skin temperature. The authors performed a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial to investigate the clinical outcome of botulinum toxin type A for lumbar sympathetic ganglion block in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Methods Lumbar sympathetic ganglion block was conducted in patients with lower-extremity complex regional pain syndrome using 75 IU of botulinum toxin type A (botulinum toxin group) and local anesthetic (control group). The primary outcome was the change in the relative temperature difference on the blocked sole compared with the contralateral sole at 1 postoperative month. The secondary outcomes were the 3-month changes in relative temperature differences, as well as the pain intensity changes. Results A total of 48 participants (N = 24/group) were randomly assigned. The change in relative temperature increase was higher in the botulinum toxin group than in the control group (1.0°C ± 1.3 vs. 0.1°C ± 0.8, respectively; difference: 0.9°C [95% CI, 0.3 to 1.5]; P = 0.006), which was maintained at 3 months (1.1°C ± 0.8 vs. –0.2°C ± 1.2, respectively; P = 0.009). Moreover, pain intensity was greatly reduced in the botulinum toxin group compared with the control group at 1 month (–2.2 ± 1.0 vs. –1.0 ± 1.6, respectively; P = 0.003) and 3 months (–2.0 ± 1.0 vs. –0.6 ± 1.6, respectively; P = 0.003). There were no severe adverse events pertinent to botulinum toxin injection. Conclusions In patients with complex regional pain syndrome, lumbar sympathetic ganglion block using botulinum toxin type A increased the temperature of the affected foot for 3 months and also reduced the pain. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New

scholarly journals Three-dimensional assessment of enamel and dentine in mouse molar teeth during masseter muscle hypofunction

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián Balanta-Melo ◽  
Maximilian Bemmann ◽  
Viviana Toro Ibacache ◽  
Kornelius Kupczik ◽  
Sonja Buvinic
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type A ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
The Right

Background: Mouse molar is a widely used model for teeth development. However, the effect of masticatory function on enamel and dentine in adult individuals remains poorly understood. As reported, the unilateral masseter hypofunction induced by botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) resulted in mandibular bone damage and signs of unilateral chewing in adult mice. Objective: We aimed to assess the amount of enamel and dentine in the first molar (M1) during the unilateral masseter hypofunction in mice, using high-resolution X-ray microtomography (μCT) as threedimensional approach. Materials and methods: Mandibles of adult BALB/c mice, located either in a Control-group (without intervention) or a BoNTA-group, were ex-vivo scanned using μCT. Treated individuals received each one BoNTA intervention in the right masseter, and saline solution in the left masseter (intra-individual control). Enamel and dentine from M1 were segmented, and volume, thickness and mesial root length were quantified. Results: Enamel volume from treated side resulted unchanged after 2 weeks of unilateral masseter hypofunction. No differences for enamel volume were found between both sides of control individuals, and between these and samples from hypofunctional side in BoNTA-group. Enamel volume from saline-injected side was reduced when compared with experimental side (p<0,01). No differences in dentine volume, thickness of enamel and dentine, and mesial root length were found for any group. Conclusion: The amount of enamel in hypofunctional molars remains unaffected after unilateral BoNTA intervention in the masseter, but contralateral side showed reduced enamel volume. Therefore, increased functional wearing during unilateral chewing after BoNTA intervention should be considered.

Effect of botulinum toxin on quality of life of patients with chronic myofascial pain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edivaldo Miotto ◽  
Karina Maria Salvatore Freitas ◽  
Aline Akemi Mori ◽  
Fabricio Pinelli Valarelli ◽  
Ricardo Cesar Gobbi de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Myofascial Pain ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type A ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Clinical Study

Aim: This prospective controlled clinical study aimed to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin Type A (BTX-A) on pain control and quality of life (QoL) in patients with chronic myofascial pain. Materials & methods: Patients with chronic myofascial pain were randomly divided into two groups (n = 20): counseling and self-care and Michigan-type occlusal splint (MOS) (CG-control group) or BTX-A injection (BTX-AG). The pain was evaluated with visual analogue scale and QoL with the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire. Results: In both groups, the pain was reduced, and QoL improved after 30 days. The results of social disability and handicap were better for patients treated with counseling and self-care and MOS. Conclusion: Minimally invasive strategies and BTX-A application improved QoL and alleviated myofascial pain.

Implications of Muscle Relative Position as a Co-Determinant of Isometric Muscle Force

2003 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 145-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huub Maas ◽  
Can A. Yucesoy ◽  
Guus C. Baan ◽  
Peter A. Huijing
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Myofascial Force Transmission ◽  
Isometric Muscle ◽  
Isometric Muscle Force

Force is transmitted from muscle fiber to bone via several pathways: (1) via the tendons (i.e. myotendinous force transmission), (2) via intermuscular connective tissue to adjacent muscles (i.e. intermuscular myofascial force transmission), (3) via structures other than muscles (i.e. extramuscular myofascial force transmission). In vivo, the position of a muscle relative to adjacent muscles changes due to differences in moment arm between synergists as well as due to the fact that some muscles span only one joint and other muscles more than one joint. The position of a muscle relative to non-muscular structures within a compartment is altered with each change of the length of the muscle. The aim of this article is to describe recent experimental results, as well as some new experimental data, that have elucidated the role of muscle relative position on force transmission from muscle. Furthermore, relevant literature is discussed, taking into consideration these new insights of muscle functioning. It is concluded that the position of a muscle relative to surrounding tissues is a major co-determinant of isometric muscle force. For muscles operating within their in vivo context of connective tissue, such position effects should be taken into account.

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