Error Analysis of the Radiative Power Determined From Flux Distributions Measured With a Camera in a Xe Arc Lamp-Based Solar Simulator

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Alxneit
Keyword(s):  
Flux Distribution ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Radiation Characteristic ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Optical Elements ◽  
Radiative Power ◽  
Paul Scherrer

The CCD camera-based flux measurement at Paul Scherrer Institute's (PSI) high flux solar simulator (HFSS) is influenced by a spatially variable spectrum of the concentrated radiation characteristic for arc lamp-based solar simulators. This results in a substantial error in the radiative power determined by integration of the flux distribution. This systematic error is assessed by numerically modeling the response of the CCD camera in use. Measured spectra of concentrated radiation obtained at different points in the flux distribution, measured transmission characteristics of all optical elements, and published data for the spectral sensitivity of the CCD chip are applied in the model. The response of a water calorimeter is used as baseline case. It is shown that the magnitude of the error depends strongly on the region analyzed, i.e., on aperture size, on the wavelength band analyzed, and, unfortunately, also on the number of lamps in operation. A relative error in the range of 10–30% is observed if an aperture with 1 cm in diameter covering the region of peak concentration is considered. It will be shown that the error arises due to the fact that a photon counter (CCD camera) is used to determine the thermal power.

Operational Performance of the University of Minnesota 45kWe High-Flux Solar Simulator

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine R. Krueger ◽  
Wojciech Lipiński ◽  
Jane H. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Focal Plane ◽  
Flux Distribution ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Optical Filters ◽  
High Flux ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
The University

This paper presents measured performance of the University of Minnesota’s 45 kWe indoor high-flux solar simulator. The simulator consists of seven radiation units, each comprised of a 6.5 kWe xenon short arc lamp coupled to a reflector in the shape of a truncated ellipsoid of revolution. Data include flux distribution at the focal plane for all seven radiation units operating in tandem and for individual radiation units. The flux distribution is measured optically by acquiring the image of radiation reflected from a Lambertian target with a CCD camera equipped with neutral density optical filters. The CCD camera output is calibrated to irradiation using a circular foil heat flux gage. It is shown that accurate calibration of the heat flux gage must account for its response to the spectral characteristics of the radiation source. The simulator delivers radiative power of approximately 9.2 kW over a 60-mm diameter circular area located in the focal plane, corresponding to an average flux of 3.2 MW m−2, with a peak flux of 7.3 MW m−2.

Design of a New 45 kWe High-Flux Solar Simulator for High-Temperature Solar Thermal and Thermo-Chemical Research

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine R. Krueger ◽  
Jane H. Davidson ◽  
Wojciech Lipin´ski
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Focal Plane ◽  
Flux Distribution ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Peak Flux ◽  
The Common

In this paper, we present a systematic procedure to design a solar simulator for high-temperature concentrated solar thermal and thermo-chemical research. The 45 kWe simulator consists of seven identical radiation units of common focus, each comprised of a 6.5 kWe xenon arc lamp close-coupled to a precision reflector in the shape of a truncated ellipsoid. The size and shape of each reflector is optimized by a Monte Carlo ray tracing analysis to achieve multiple design objectives, including high transfer efficiency of radiation from the lamps to the common focal plane and desired flux distribution. Based on the numerical results, the final optimized design will deliver 7.5 kW over a 6-cm diameter circular disc located in the focal plane, with a peak flux approaching 3.7 MW/m2.

Beam Characterization and Improvement with a Flux Mapping System for Dish Concentrators

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Ulmer ◽  
Wolfgang Reinalter ◽  
Peter Heller ◽  
Eckhard Lu¨pfert ◽  
Diego Martı´nez
Keyword(s):  
Flux Distribution ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Measuring Method ◽  
Brightness Distribution ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Beam Path ◽  
Mapping System ◽  
Beam Characterization ◽  
Measurement Area ◽  
Flux Mapping

A flux mapping system able to measure the flux distribution of dish/Stirling systems in planes perpendicular to the optical axis was built and operated at the Plataforma Solar de Almerı´a (PSA). It uses the indirect measuring method with a water-cooled Lambertian target placed in the beam path and a CCD-camera mounted on the concentrator taking images of the brightness distribution of the focal spot. The calibration is made by calculating the total power coming from the dish and relating it to the integrated gray value over the whole measurement area. The system was successfully operated in a DISTAL II stretched membrane dish and in the new EURODISH in order to characterize their beams and improve the flux distribution on their receivers.

Description and Characterization of a 114-kWe High-Flux Solar Simulator

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunzhou Chu ◽  
Fengwu Bai ◽  
Fuliang Nie ◽  
Zhifeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Focal Plane ◽  
Radiation Power ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Stagnation Temperature ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Power Module ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract A high-flux solar simulator is essential for evaluating solar thermal components under controlled and adjustable flux input conditions. This study presents a newly built high-flux solar simulator composed of 19 individual units. Each unit includes a xenon short-arc lamp (each consuming up to 6 kW electricity power) coupled with a truncated ellipsoidal reflector, a cooling blower, and a power module. The power module yields a current in the range of 50–160 A. The number of lamps in use is flexible, which allows for a wide range of radiation flux (10%–100%) on the focal plane. The radiation power, peak value, flux distribution on the circular target plane, and conversion efficiency are evaluated based on a flux mapping method. The results indicate that the proposed solar simulator is capable of achieving thermal power of 23.3 kW, peak flux in excess of 1.78 MW/m2, a stagnation temperature exceeding 2360 °C, and average irradiance of 773.4 kW/m2 on the focal plane (diameter of 260 mm). The electro-thermal conversion efficiency of the simulator is 35.7%. A ray-tracing method was employed, and the simulation results were found to be in good agreement with those in the experiments. An experimental test of a volumetric ceramic receiver was conducted, and the results indicate the availability and applicability of the high-flux solar simulator when carrying out studies about solar receivers.

A Novel 50kW 11,000 suns High-Flux Solar Simulator Based on an Array of Xenon Arc Lamps

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Petrasch ◽  
Patrick Coray ◽  
Anton Meier ◽  
Max Brack ◽  
Peter Häberling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Design ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Radiative Fluxes ◽  
Solar Systems ◽  
High Temperature Materials ◽  
Radiative Power ◽  
Thermochemical Processing ◽  
Average Flux ◽  
Circular Target

A novel high-flux solar simulator, capable of delivering over 50kW of radiative power at peak radiative fluxes exceeding 11,000 suns, is operational at the Paul Scherner Institute. It comprises an array of ten Xe arcs, each close-coupled with ellipsoidal specular reflectors of common focus. Its optical design, main engineering features, and operating performance are described. The Monte Carlo ray-tracing technique is applied to optimize the geometrical configuration for maximum source-to-target transfer efficiency of radiative power. Calorimeter measurements indicated an average flux of 6800kW∕m2 over a 60-mm-diameter circular target, which corresponds to stagnation temperatures above 3300K. This research facility simulates the radiation characteristics of highly concentrating solar systems and serves as an experimental platform for investigating the thermochemical processing of solar fuels and for testing advanced high-temperature materials.

Beam Characterization and Improvement With a Flux Mapping System for Dish Concentrators

Solar Energy ◽  
2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Ulmer ◽  
Wolfgang Reinalter ◽  
Peter Heller ◽  
Eckhard Lu¨pfert ◽  
Diego Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Flux Distribution ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Measuring Method ◽  
Brightness Distribution ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Beam Path ◽  
Mapping System ◽  
Beam Characterization ◽  
Measurement Area ◽  
Flux Mapping

A flux mapping system able to measure the flux distribution of dish/Stirling systems in planes perpendicular to the optical axis was built and operated at the Plataforma Solar de Almeri´a (PSA). It uses the indirect measuring method with a water-cooled Lambertian target placed in the beam path and a CCD-camera mounted on the concentrator taking images of the brightness distribution of the focal spot. The calibration is made by calculating the total power coming from the dish and relating it to the integrated gray value over the whole measurement area. The system was successfully operated in a DISTAL II stretched membrane dish and in the new EURODISH in order to characterize their beams and improve the flux distribution on their receivers.

scholarly journals A methodology for predicting hybrid solar panel performance in different operating modes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie P. Fine ◽  
Seth B. Dworkin ◽  
Jacob Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Hybrid Mode ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Modification Technique ◽  
Proposed Modification

When a hybrid solar panel produces thermal energy, it can operate in either hybrid mode, or thermal-only mode. In hybrid mode, the panel produces both electrical power and thermal power, and in thermal-only mode, only thermal power is produced. It has been shown that the thermal performance of a hybrid panel can vary by 15% on average between these two modes, but panel manufacturers are only required to publish performance data for one mode. Other studies in the literature have found a difference in panel thermal performance between these two modes, but they do not discuss a methodology to estimate alternate mode performance using manufacturer-supplied data. To alleviate this gap in the literature, this study presents a novel methodology to estimate alternate mode thermal performance of a hybrid solar panel only using manufacturer-supplied data. To match the panel information that is typically available, the second-order thermal efficiency model is used to estimate thermal performance, and temperature dependent electrical characteristics are used to estimate electrical performance. Indoor testing using a solar simulator was carried out, and the detailed test results are included. Results show that using the proposed modification technique can estimate thermal performance within 4% of actual values on average. Keywords: Solar; Hybrid Panel; PVT Panel; Experimental Data; Efficiency

Measurement of Flux in a Ceramic Permanent Magnet of Complex Shape

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
A. Basak
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Flux Distribution ◽  
Complex Shape ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Relative Movement ◽  
Simple Shape ◽  
Search Coil ◽  
Novel Method

The flux measurement in a permanent magnet by producing a relative movement between it and a search coil is restricted to its simple shape. The almost-linear normal demagnetization characteristics of most ceramic magnet materials enable employment of a novel method to determine the flux distribution in complex shaped magnets.

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