Numerical Investigation of Air Cavity Formation During the High-Speed Vertical Water Entry of Wedges

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingbo Wang ◽  
Odd M. Faltinsen
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Nonlinear Boundary ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Similarity Solutions ◽  
Free Surface Flows ◽  
Cavity Formation ◽  
Air Cavity ◽  
Numerical Instabilities ◽  
Entry Velocity

In this paper, a nonlinear boundary element method (BEM) is developed for investigating air cavity formation during the high-speed water entry of wedges. A technique is proposed for dynamic re-gridding of free surface boundaries. This technique applies to both equally and nonequally spaced grids, and it is able to suppress the numerical instabilities encountered using a BEM for simulating free surface flows. The authors also develop a purely numerical method to simulate nonviscous flow separation, which occurs when the flow reaches the knuckle of the wedge. The present nonlinear BEM has been verified by comparisons with similarity solutions. We also compare numerical results with experimental results. Finally, we give a numerical prediction of the evolution of the cavity until the closure of the cavity, and the influence of the initial entry velocity, wedge mass, and deadrise angle on the characteristics of the transient cavities is investigated.

Numerical Investigation for Air Cavity Formation During the High Speed Water Entry of Wedges

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingbo Wang ◽  
Odd M. Faltinsen
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Boundary Element ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Similarity Solutions ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Boundary Element Methods ◽  
Cavity Formation ◽  
Air Cavity

In this paper, a nonlinear boundary element method is developed for investigating the air cavity formation during the high speed water entry of wedges. A novel technique is introduced to remove the saw-tooth instability of the free surface profile, which is often encountered in solving violent free surface flow problems by boundary element methods. This technique applies to both the equally spaced grids and the non-equally spaced grids, and is demonstrated to be quite efficient and practical by numerical simulations. When the flow reaches the knuckle of the wedge, separation will occur. The authors develop a purely numerical method to simulate the non-viscous flow separation. This nonlinear BEM has been verified by comparisons with similarity solutions. We also compare the numerical results with experimental results.

scholarly journals Unsteady forces on spheres during free-surface water entry

2012 ◽  
Vol 704 ◽  
pp. 173-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadd T. Truscott ◽  
Brenden P. Epps ◽  
Alexandra H. Techet
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
High Speed Imaging ◽  
Air Cavity ◽  
Unsteady Forces ◽  
Unsteady Force ◽  
Low Mass

AbstractWe present a study of the forces during free-surface water entry of spheres of varying masses, diameters, and surface treatments. Previous studies have shown that the formation of a subsurface air cavity by a falling sphere is conditional upon impact speed and surface treatment. This study focuses on the forces experienced by the sphere in both cavity-forming and non-cavity-forming cases. Unsteady force estimates require accurate determination of the deceleration for both high and low mass ratios, especially as inertial and hydrodynamic effects approach equality. Using high-speed imaging, high-speed particle image velocimetry, and numerical simulation, we examine the nature of the forces in each case. The effect of mass ratio is shown, where a lighter sphere undergoes larger decelerations and more dramatic trajectory changes. In the non-cavity-forming cases, the forces are modulated by the growth and shedding of a strong, ring-like vortex structure. In the cavity-forming cases, little vorticity is shed by the sphere, and the forces are modulated by the unsteady pressure required for the opening and closing of the air cavity. A data-driven boundary-element-type method is developed to accurately describe the unsteady forces using cavity shape data from experiments.

Similarity solution for oblique water entry of an expanding paraboloid

2014 ◽  
Vol 745 ◽  
pp. 398-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. X. Wu ◽  
S. L. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Boundary Element Method ◽  
Nonlinear Boundary ◽  
Velocity Potential ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Nonlinear Boundary Conditions ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Similarity Solutions ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Flow Features

AbstractSimilarity solutions based on velocity potential theory are found to be possible in the case of an expanding paraboloid entering water when gravity is ignored. Numerical solutions are obtained based on the boundary element method. Iteration is used for the nonlinear boundary conditions on the unknown free surface, together with regular remeshing. Results are obtained for paraboloids with different slenderness (or bluntness). Flow features and pressure distributions are discussed along with the physical implications. It is also concluded that similarity solutions may be possible in more general cases.

scholarly journals The Hydrodynamics of High Diving

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Thibault Guillet ◽  
Mélanie Mouchet ◽  
Jérémy Belayachi ◽  
Sarah Fay ◽  
David Colturi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Air Cavity ◽  
Initial Height

Diving consists of jumping into water from a platform, usually while performing acrobatics. During high diving competitions, the initial height reaches 27 m. From this height, the crossing of the water surface occurs at 85 km/h, and as such it is very technical to avoid injuries. Major risks occur due to the violent impact at the water entry and the formation and collapse of the air cavity around the diver. In this study, we investigate experimentally the dynamics of the jumper underwater and the hydrodynamic causes of injuries in high dives by monitoring dives from different heights with high-speed cameras and accelerometers in order to understand the physics underlying diving.

Optical Observation of the Supercavitation Induced by High-Speed Water Entry

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 806-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Hui Shi ◽  
Motoyuki Itoh ◽  
Takuya Takami
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Shock Waves ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Bubbly Flow ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Optical Observation ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Experimental Facility

When a high-speed projectile penetrates into water, a cavity is formed behind the projectile. The gas enclosed in the cavity experiences a nonequilibrium process, i.e., the gas pressure decreases as the projectile moves more deeply into water. As a result, the cavity is sealed near the free surface (surface closure) and subsequently the cavity breaks up in water (deep closure). Accompanying the break-up of the cavity, secondary shock waves appear. This is the so-called supercavitation in water entry. This paper describes an experimental investigation into the water entry phenomenon. Projectiles of 342 m/s were generated from a small-bore rifle that was fixed vertically in the experimental facility. The projectiles were fired into a windowed water tank. A shadowgraph optical observation was performed to observe the entry process of the projectile and the formation and collapse of the cavity behind the projectile. A number of interesting observations relating to the motion of the free surface, the splash, the underwater bubbly flow and so on were found. [S0098-2202(00)00204-2]

Experimental study on water entry of cylindrical projectiles with different nose shapes

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (09) ◽  
pp. 1950107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Xin Yan ◽  
Guang Pan ◽  
Yao Shi ◽  
Guan-Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Cavity Flow ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Entry Angle ◽  
Entry Velocity ◽  
Nose Shape ◽  
Cavity Evolution ◽  
Trajectory Stability

Water entry experiments of projectiles with different nose shapes were performed under different entry angles and velocities using high-speed photography technology. The cavity flow characteristics of the near water surface, including splash jet, splash crown, surface seal of cavity, pull away, deep seal of cavity and cavity collapses, were systematically investigated using a high-speed camera. The emphasis of the study is paid on the effect of nose shape, water entry angle and velocity on the evolution of the air entraining cavity. The experimental results demonstrate that the nose shape of projectile has a significant influence on the jet flow, the cavity diameter and trajectory stability in the case of certain other conditions. On the other hand, the splash scale, cavity diameter increase gradually with the increasing of the water entry velocity, as well as the cavitation closed in advance. Furthermore, the water entry angle of the projectile plays an important role in the cavity evolution and the close type.

scholarly journals The Method of Fundamental Solutions for Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Free Surface Flows Using the Iterative Scheme

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Yu Ku ◽  
Jing-En Xiao ◽  
Chih-Yu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Nonlinear Boundary ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nonlinear Boundary Conditions ◽  
Fundamental Solutions ◽  
Free Surface Flows ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Method Of Fundamental Solutions ◽  
Surface Flows ◽  
Nonlinear Free Surface

In this article, we present a meshless method based on the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) capable of solving free surface flow in three dimensions. Since the basis function of the MFS satisfies the governing equation, the advantage of the MFS is that only the problem boundary needs to be placed in the collocation points. For solving the three-dimensional free surface with nonlinear boundary conditions, the relaxation method in conjunction with the MFS is used, in which the three-dimensional free surface is iterated as a movable boundary until the nonlinear boundary conditions are satisfied. The proposed method is verified and application examples are conducted. Comparing results with those from other methods shows that the method is robust and provides high accuracy and reliability. The effectiveness and ease of use for solving nonlinear free surface flows in three dimensions are also revealed.

Pressure measurements in the water-entry cavity

1970 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. I. Abelson
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Cavity Pressure ◽  
Entry Angle ◽  
Closed Cavity ◽  
Test Range ◽  
Cavity Collapse ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Entry Velocity

Significant experimental results from a study of pressure in the water-entry cavity are presented. Projectiles were fired into water at velocities up to 250 ft./sec and entry angles of 90°, 60°, and 45°. Pressure data obtained using underwater probes were correlated with high-speed motion pictures taken of the entries. Results indicate that the cavity pressure drop prior to surface closure is an order of magnitude greater than previously assumed. As the entry angle is decreased from 90°, the pressure drop decreases. The minimum cavity pressure decreases linearly with increasing entry velocity over the test range. As the entry angle is increased, the minimum entry velocity required to produce a measurable pressure drop becomes greater. An improved pressure-volume correlation is obtained if the volume enclosed by the cavity walls is corrected to account for re-entrant jet volume and air volume enclosed by the splash walls. Cavity pressure during the closed cavity phase behaves approximately according to the isentropic pressure–volume relation. Pressure drop and history are strongly dependent on projectile nose geometry. No appreciable cavity pressure gradient, axial or transverse, was found to exist. Deep closure or cavity collapse is accompanied by relatively high-pressure pulses.

Experimental Study of Water Entry and Exit of a Circular Cylinder at Free Surface: An Educational Approach

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afshin Goharzadeh ◽  
Arman Molki
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Circular Cylinder ◽  
Flow Visualization ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Educational Approach

This paper outlines a proposed experimental setup for characterizing the vertical motion of a horizontal circular cylinder through a free surface. Both water entry and exit are studied. The proposed experimental setup will enhance the student’s learning of the hydrodynamic impact phenomena. The experimental study is based on the flow visualization of free surface and surrounding water during the cylinder’s motion. The fluid flow phenomenon around the submerged cylinder is investigated using high-speed digital imaging and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The proposed experiment is used as part of an undergraduate mechanical engineering fluid mechanics course taught at a university, which aims to educate young male and female engineers for the local oil and gas industry and particularly for the companies involved in sponsoring the institution. The details of the flow visualization system and teaching strategy for implementing this experiment in a Mechanical Engineering curriculum is discussed.

scholarly journals Numerical simulation of cavitation characteristics in high speed water entry of head-jetting underwater vehicle

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-817
Author(s):  
Hairui Zhao ◽  
Yao Shi ◽  
Guang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Impact Load ◽  
Underwater Vehicle ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Entry Angle ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Entry Velocity ◽  
The Impact

Autonomous underwater vehicle will be subjected to a huge impact load during high speed water entry, which will damage the structure and the internal instruments of the vehicle. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the buffer mechanism of the vehicle during the process of water-entry. In this paper, a kind of head-jetting device with disk cavitation is used. The complex cavitation forms, under the three-phase coupling of gas, liquid and solid, in the water entry process of the vehicle on which the device is installed. In this paper, the numerical simulation of high-speed water entry of the vehicle equipped with head jet device is carried out. Through the analysis of water entry cavitation under typical working conditions, the following conclusions are obtained. After the installation of head jet device, the water entry cavity of the vehicle changes gradually from cone to spindle shape. The air jet, compared with that without jet, can promote the formation of water inlet supercavitation, decrease the interaction area between the vehicle and water, and reduce the impact load during water entry. At the same water entry depth, the diameter of cavitation increases with the amount of air jet. The water entry velocity has a great influence on the difference of cavitation shape. The water entry depth closure phenomenon, when the water entry velocity is less than 100 m/s, can be observed in the depth of 3.5 times of the projectile length. The water entry angle has a significant effect on the cavitation shape. The cavity shows obvious asymmetry when the vehicle slants into the water, and the diameter and length of the bubbles decrease with the increase of the water entry angle. The research content of this paper provides technical support for the engineering practice of high-speed water entry and load reduction, and the conclusions are of great significance in related fields.

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