Comparison of Two Control Methods for Minimally Invasive Surgical Instruments

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunman Fan ◽  
Hélène Clogenson ◽  
Paul Breedveld ◽  
John J. van den Dobbelsteen ◽  
Jenny Dankelman
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Minimally Invasive Surgical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Measurement Session

Laparoscopic surgery is performed with long and slender instruments through one or several incisions in the abdominal wall. Steerable instruments with flexible distal tips have been developed for improving the ease of access to anatomic structures. However, the development of an intuitive and efficient control method for such steerable instruments remains a challenge. To determine which interface are most intuitive and effective to control steerable instruments, the current study evaluates the performance of novices in orienting the tip of a steerable laparoscopic forceps using thumb control or wrist control. Using two steerable instruments, one controlled by the thumb and the other by the wrist, 24 novices were divided into two groups that had to carry out an experimental task in an EndoTrainer with one of the two instruments. The participants had to orient the tip of the instrument relative to five targets that were presented in a random order. After a break, the participants switched to a second measurement session with the other instrument, followed by a third measurement session with the first instrument. Each participant performed the task 240 times over the three measurement sessions. The performance was assessed by measuring the performance time, using a questionnaire and grading the work load. The performance time showed a significant learning curve for each control method. The shortest performance time was recorded during the third session with both control methods (42.7 s for thumb control and 44.6 s for wrist control). A significant difference in the performance time was observed in the second session (p <0.02) but not in the first and third session. The questionnaire showed that most participants had a preference for thumb control. After a brief training period, thumb control and wrist control did not reveal significant differences in task performance. However, thumb control was strongly preferred by the participants due to the perceptive feeling in performance.

scholarly journals Evidence of possible evasion of protective immunity by NAD-independent isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum in poultry

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. Bragg
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alternative Control Methods

An indication of the ability of NAD-independent variants of Haemophilus paragallinarum to evade the immune system has been obtained from data obtained from several experiments. Firstly, it was noted that there was a difference in the serovar distribution between the NAD-dependent isolates in the 1990s and the NAD-independent isolates, as there was a significant decrease in the incidence of serogroup A NAD-dependent isolates. This can possibly be attributed to the extensive use of vaccines. On the other hand, most of the earlier NAD-independent isolates were serovar A. This is a possible indication of evasion of the protective immunity by the NAD-independent isolates. Further evidence of possible evasion of the protective immunity was obtained from results obtained when different isolates, both NAD dependent and NAD independent, were tested with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). The V1 Mab reaction pattern was only seen in the reference strain 0083 among all of the NAD-dependent isolates tested in South Africa. This Mab was, however, found to react with some of the NAD-independent isolates. Furthermore, the isolation of NAD-dependent isolates in Australia which react with the V1 Mab also suggest possible evasion of the protective immunity by the NAD-independent isolates as no vaccines containing strain 0083 are used in Australia. In order to investigate the hypothesis of immune-evasion by NAD-independent H. paragallinarum, vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens were challenged with a NAD-independent serogroup C isolate. As a control, chickens were also challenged with NAD-dependent H. paragallinarum of the same serogroup. The results obtained indicate that there is no significant difference in the disease profiles obtained in vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens challenged with the NAD-independent isolate, thus providing further evidence of evasion of the productivity immunity by the NAD-independent isolates. The ability of the NAD-independent isolates to evade the immune system suggests that a different vaccination strategy, or alternative control methods may be needed for the control of IC caused by these isolates.

WeRSort: Preliminary Results from a New Method of Remote Collaboration Facilitated by Fully Immersive Virtual Reality

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 2084-2088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraddhaa Narasimha ◽  
Emma Scharett ◽  
Kapil Chalil Madathil ◽  
Jeffrey Bertrand
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Remote Collaboration ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Percentage Match ◽  
Measures Of Performance

Fully immersive virtual reality, with the unique ability to replicate the real world, could potentially aid in real-time communication. Geographically separated teams can collaborate using virtual reality. To test the viability of using virtual reality for remote collaboration, we designed a system called “WeRSort” where teams sorted cards in a virtual environment. Participants performed the task as a team of 2 in one of three conditions-controls-only condition, generic embodiment and full embodiment. Objective measures of performance, time and percentage match with master cards showed no significant difference. Subjective measures of presence and system usability also showed no statistical significance. However, overall work-load obtained from NASA-TLX showed that fully immersive virtual reality resulted in lower workload in comparison with the other two. Qualitative data was collected and analyzed to understand collaboration using the awareness evaluation model.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF MUSCULOSKELETAL STRESS ON LUMBAR, SHOULDER, AND WRIST JOINTS WHILE MAKING A BED USING EASYTUCK PAD VERSUS OTHER BED-MAKING TOOLS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARMIA ABDO ◽  
HANI AL-NAKHLI
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Random Order ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Subjective Data ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Queen Size

Objective: Currently, there are multiple bed-making tools utilized by consumers and businesses with the intention of increasing safety and reducing time to make a bed. In this study, we will compare musculoskeletal stress, time, and preference of making a bed using the EasyTuck pad versus three other bed-making tools and making a bed without any bed-making tool. Methods: A sample of ten subjects performed the task of making a queen size mattress bed with one bottom fitted sheet and one top flat sheet, using the EasyTuck pad versus three other bed-making tools, and making a bed without any bed-making tool, in a random order. Time to make the bed, forces on the low back, shoulders and wrist, and the number of times each individual bent forward were measured during each trial. In addition, subjective preferences were measured using a simple questionnaire. Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the differences between the five different procedures. There were significant differences for all the measured variables. Regarding the time needed to make one bed, the EasyTuck pad had the least time range (80.6 s±4.3), which was approximately 40 s less than making the bed with no tool (p<0.001). Furthermore, for the overall lumbar spine impulse force, the EasyTuck pad had the largest overall reduction in this category (90.6%). Regarding the subjective data, the EasyTuck pad had an overall rating of 9.4 out of 10, compared to the other tools with ratings of 5.9, 5.1, and 3.4 out of 10, which was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Conclusion: Making beds on a regular basis poses risk of injury, especially for those who are required to perform this for their occupation. However, using assistive tools for bed-making, could minimize, and prevent injuries and overload to the lower back, and other parts of the body, making the bed-making task safer. Based on our findings, the EasyTuck pad was by far the most efficient and safest tool to assist in making beds, with the lowest possible risk of injury when compared to all the other tools tested.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Control Methods for PV-Integrated Shading Devices

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3171
Author(s):  
Sung Kwon Jung ◽  
Youngchul Kim ◽  
Jin Woo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Control Method ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Indoor Space ◽  
Shading Devices ◽  
Shading Device

This study aimed to develop a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) device and optimal control methods that increase the photovoltaic (PV) efficiency and visual comfort of the indoor space. A louver-type PV-integrated shading device was suggested and an artificial neural networks (ANN) model was developed to predict PV electricity output, work plane illuminance, and daylight glare index (DGI). The slat tilt angle of the shading device was controlled to maximize PV electricity output based on three different strategies: one without visual comfort constraints, and the other two with visual comfort constraints: work plane illuminance and DGI. Optimal tilt angle was calculated using predictions of the ANN. Experiments were conducted to verify the system modeling and to evaluate the performance of the shading device. Experiment results revealed that the ANN model successfully predicted the PV output, work plane illuminance, and DGI. The PV-integrated shading device was more efficient in producing electricity than the conventional wall-mount PV systems, the control method without visual comfort constraints was most efficient in generating electricity than the other two with such constraints, and excluding the constraints resulted in less comfortable visual environment and reduced energy benefit. From the results analysis, it can be concluded that based on the accurate predictions, the PV-integrated shading device controlled using the proposed methods produced more electricity compared to the wall-mount counterpart.

scholarly journals A Comparison of class I malocclusion treatment outcomes with and without extractions using an ABO grading system for dental casts and radiographs

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Bunga Ayub Rukiah ◽  
Amalia Oeripto ◽  
Nurhayati Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Case Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Class I ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dental Casts

Background: Class I malocclusion can be treated with or without resort to extraction. However, despite the indications, a controversy is still ongoing as to whether one option is preferable to another. One of the most frequent controversies centers on whether treatment involving extractions will produce superior results than treatment not culminating in extraction. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the results of treating class I malocclusion with extractions and those without extraction using an ABO grading system. Methods: Comparing ABO scores in patients’ dental casts and radiographs with class I malocclusion with and without extraction. Observational research incorporating case control methods was conducted involving 40 patients with class I malocclusion. Samples were divided into two groups, one treated with extraction (group E) and the other without extraction as the control group (K). The results of the treatment were measured and assessed using eight variables of the ABO Grading System. Results: The total score for the group treated with extractions was 23.65±7.82, while that for group K was 26.50±7.02. There was no significant difference in the total score between the two groups. Nevertheless, class I malocclusion treated with extraction had a lower score than without extraction. Conclusions: There was no difference in the total score of the ABO grading system for class I malocclusion patients treated with and without extractions.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Use of Birth Control Methods for Family Planning by Married People in Nsukka Education Zone of Enugu State

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Chinenye Ifeoma Ogidi ◽  
Anthony U. Okere ◽  
Shulamite E. Ogbuabor ◽  
Angela Ngozi Nwadike ◽  
Stella Anietie Usen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Married People ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Enugu State

OBJECTIVE: The study investigated the knowledge level and use of birth control methods by married people for family planning in Nsukka Education Zone of Enugu state. MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: The population of this study comprised 4450 married people who registered for marriage from 2010 to 2017 in Nsukka Education Zone of Enugu State. The sample was 445 respondents (210 married males and 235 married females). The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire titled: Knowledge and use of birth control methods for family planning questionnaire (KUBCM). The study was guided by four research questions and four hypotheses. The (KUBCM) research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while t-test statistics was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: The results obtained showed that married people in Nsukka Education zone have knowledge of birth control methods; that they make use of birth control methods to a great extent; and that there is a significant difference in the mean responses of male and female married people on the extent to which married people make use of birth control methods for family planning. CONCLUSION: Both male and female married people have knowledge of common birth control methods of family planning, therefore, couples should discuss together which birth control method of family planning they want to adopt. It should not be a one-man affair. We recommend among others, the full integration of the male population in the family planning programmes, and provision of sensitization programmes aimed at improving male involvement in family planning by government and non-governmental

Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

Multi-Center Study of Thromboplastin Calibration Precision – Influence of Reagent Species, Composition, and International Sensitivity Index (ISI)

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (01) ◽  
pp. 035-040 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryFour thromboplastin reagents were tested by 18 laboratories in Europe, North-America, and Australasia, according to a detailed protocol. One thromboplastin was the International Reference Preparation for ox brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (coded OBT/79), and the second was a certified reference material for rabbit brain thromboplastin, plain (coded CRM 149R). The other two thromboplastin reagents were another rabbit plain brain thromboplastin (RP) with a lower ISI than CRM 149R and a rabbit brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (RC). Calibration of the latter two reagents was performed according to methods recommended by the World Health Organization (W. H. O.).The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) Is the calibration of the RC reagent more precise against the bovine/combined (OBT/79) than against the rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R)? 2) Is the precision of calibration influenced by the magnitude of the International Sensitivity Index (ISI)?The lowest inter-laboratory variation of ISI was observed in the calibration of the rabbit/plain reagent (RP) against the other rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R) (CV 1.6%). The highest interlaboratory variation was obtained in the calibration of rabbit/plain (RP) against bovine/combined (OBT/79) (CV 5.1%). In the calibration of the rabbit/combined (RC) reagent, there was no difference in precision between OBT/79 (CV 4.3%) and CRM 149R (CV 4.2%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the precision of the ISI of RC obtained with CRM 149R (ISI = 1.343) and the rabbit/plain (RP) reagent with ISI = 1.14. In conclusion, the calibration of RC could be performed with similar precision with either OBT/79 or CRM 149R, or RP.The mean ISI values calculated with OBT/79 and CRM 149R were practically identical, indicating that there is no bias in the ISI of these reference preparations and that these reference preparations have been stable since their original calibration studies in 1979 and 1987, respectively.International Normalized Ratio (INR) equivalents were calculated for a lyophilized control plasma derived from patients treated with oral anticoagulants. There were small but significant differences in the mean INR equivalents between the bovine and rabbit thromboplastins. There were no differences in the interlaboratory variation of the INR equivalents, when the four thromboplastins were compared.

IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF INSULIN IN HUMAN SERUM

1966 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Deckert ◽  
Kai R. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Pancreas ◽  
Porcine Pancreas ◽  
Crystalline Insulin ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a difference could be demonstrated between crystalline insulin extracted from normal human pancreas, and crystalline insulin extracted from bovine and porcine pancreas. Using Hales & Randle's (1963) immunoassay no immunological differences could be demonstrated between human and pig insulin. On the other hand, a significant difference was found, between pig and ox insulin. An attempt was also made to determine whether an immunological difference could be demonstrated between crystalline pig insulin and crystalline human insulin from non diabetic subjects on the one hand and endogenous, circulating insulin from normal subjects, obese subjects and diabetic subjects on the other. No such difference was found. From these experiments it is concluded that endogenous insulin in normal, obese and diabetic human sera is immunologically identical with human, crystalline insulin from non diabetic subjects and crystalline pig insulin.

Pengaruh Luka Iris Pada Tikus Dengan Paparan Hidrogen Peroxida 3% terhadap Epitelisasi dan Pembentukan Eksudat pada Permukaan Epitel Kulit.

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
HARMAN AGUSAPUTRA ◽  
MARIA SUGENG ◽  
AYLY SOEKAMTO ◽  
ATIK WULANDARI
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Delayed Wound Healing ◽  
Peroxide Group ◽  
Hemostatic Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Wound Healing Effect ◽  
Epithelial Growth

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Background:</strong> Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) as antiseptic has been used frequently to clean woundsin in hospitals and clinics. Hydrogen peroxide has the effectof strong oxidative that can kill pathogens. It can clean up debris and necrotic tissuesin wounds. Hydrogen peroxidealso has hemostatic effect that can help to stop bleeding. Besides antiseptic effects, hydrogen peroxide i s suspected of having negative effect in wound healing. Hydrogen peroxide presumably could cause delayed wound healing by exudate formation and delayed epithelial growth.</p><p><strong>Method</strong>: This study was conducted in the laboratory using 48 white mice that were divided into 2 groups. All the mice were purposely wounded. Afterwards in one group the wounds were clean up using hydrogen peroxide, while in the other group without hydrogen peroxide as control. The wounds of both groups were observed on day 1, day 3 and day 7. On day 1 and day 3, both groups did not show significant difference.</p><p><strong>R</strong><strong>esult</strong> : on day 7 showed that the wound healing in hydrogen peroxide group were delayed. Fifty percent of them had the formation of exudate and 62.5% of them showed delayed epithelial growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusion </strong>: This study could show hydrogen peroxide as wound antiseptic has delayed wound healing effect.</p><p><strong>Keyword</strong>: hydrogen peroxide, wound healing</p>

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