scholarly journals Real-Time Measurements of Engine-Out Trace Elements: Application of a Novel Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Emissions Characterization

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Cross ◽  
A. Sappok ◽  
E. C. Fortner ◽  
J. F. Hunter ◽  
J. T. Jayne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Soot Particle ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Measurement Validation

Lubricant-derived trace element emissions are the largest contributors to the accumulation of incombustible ash in diesel particulate filters (DPF), eventually leading to filter plugging and an increase in engine fuel consumption. Particulate trace element emissions also pose adverse health effects and are the focus of increasingly stringent air quality regulations. To date, the rates and physical and chemical properties of lubricant-derived additive emissions are not well characterized, largely due to the difficulties associated with conducting the measurements. This work investigated the potential for conducting real-time measurements of lubricant-derived particle emissions. The experiment used the Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SP-AMS) developed by Aerodyne Research to measure the size, mass and composition of submicron particles in the exhaust. Results confirm the ability of the SP-AMS to measure engine-out emissions of calcium, zinc, magnesium, phosphorous, and sulfur. Further, emissions of previously difficult to detect elements, such as boron, and low-level engine wear metals, such as lead, were also measured. This paper provides an overview of the results obtained with the SP-AMS, and demonstrates the utility of applying real-time techniques to engine-out and tailpipe-out trace element emissions. Application of the SP-AMS for engine exhaust characterization followed a two-part approach: (1) measurement validation, and (2) measurement of engine-out exhaust. Measurement validation utilized a diesel burner with precise control of lubricant consumption. Results showed a good correlation between CJ-4 oil consumption and measured levels of lubricant-derived trace elements in the particle phase. Following measurement validation, the SP-AMS measured engine-out emissions from a medium-duty diesel engine, operated over a standard speed/load matrix. This work demonstrates the utility of state-of-the-art online techniques (such as the SP-AMS) to measure engine-out emissions, including trace species derived from lubricant additives. Results help optimize the combined engine-lubricant-aftertreatment system and provide a real-time characterization of emissions. As regulations become more stringent and emission controls more complex, advanced measurement techniques with high sensitivity and fast time response will become an increasingly important part of engine characterization studies.

scholarly journals Real-Time Measurements of Engine-Out Trace Elements: Application of a Novel Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Emissions Characterization

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Cross ◽  
A. Sappok ◽  
E. C. Fortner ◽  
J. F. Hunter ◽  
J. T. Jayne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Soot Particle ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Measurement Validation

Lubricant-derived trace element emissions are the largest contributors to the accumulation of incombustible ash in diesel particulate filters (DPF), eventually leading to filter plugging and an increase in engine fuel consumption. Particulate trace element emissions also pose adverse health effects and are the focus of increasingly stringent air quality regulations. To date, the rates and physical and chemical properties of lubricant-derived additive emissions are not well characterized, largely due to the difficulties associated with conducting the measurements. This work investigated the potential for conducting real-time measurements of lubricant-derived particle emissions. The experiment used the Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SP-AMS) developed by Aerodyne Research to measure the size, mass and composition of submicron particles in the exhaust. Results confirm the ability of the SP-AMS to measure engine-out emissions of calcium, zinc, magnesium, phosphorous, and sulfur. Further, emissions of previously difficult to detect elements, such as boron, and low-level engine wear metals, such as lead, were also measured. This paper provides an overview of the results obtained with the SP-AMS, and demonstrates the utility of applying real-time techniques to engine-out and tailpipe-out trace element emissions. The SP-AMS used in this study was developed for real-time characterization of refractory particles (i.e. black carbon or soot) in the ambient atmosphere. The instrument consists of an intra-cavity laser (1064 nm) for particle vaporization followed by electron impact ionization and ion detection via a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Application of the SP-AMS for engine exhaust characterization followed a two-part approach: (1) measurement validation, and (2) measurement of engine-out exhaust. Measurement validation utilized a diesel burner with precise control of lubricant consumption. Results showed a good correlation between CJ-4 oil consumption and measured levels of lubricant-derived trace elements in the particle phase. Following measurement validation, the SP-AMS measured engine-out emissions from a medium-duty diesel engine, operated over a standard speed/load matrix. This work demonstrates the utility of state-of-the-art online techniques (such as the SP-AMS) to measure engine-out emissions, including trace species derived from lubricant additives. Results help optimize the combined engine-lubricant-aftertreatment system and provide a real-time characterization of emissions. As regulations become more stringent and emission controls more complex, advanced measurement techniques with high sensitivity and fast time response will become an increasingly important part of engine characterization studies.

scholarly journals Collection efficiency of the soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) for internally mixed particulate black carbon

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4507-4516 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Willis ◽  
A. K. Y. Lee ◽  
T. B. Onasch ◽  
E. C. Fortner ◽  
L. R. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Beam ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Soot Particle ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Particle Beam ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Coated Particles ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. The soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) uses an intra-cavity infrared laser to vaporize refractory black carbon (rBC) containing particles, making the particle beam–laser beam overlap critical in determining the collection efficiency (CE) for rBC and associated non-refractory particulate matter (NR-PM). This work evaluates the ability of the SP-AMS to quantify rBC and NR-PM mass in internally mixed particles with different thicknesses of organic coating. Using apparent relative ionization efficiencies for uncoated and thickly coated rBC particles, we report measurements of SP-AMS sensitivity to NR-PM and rBC, for Regal Black, the recommended particulate calibration material. Beam width probe (BWP) measurements are used to illustrate an increase in sensitivity for highly coated particles due to narrowing of the particle beam, which enhances the CE of the SP-AMS by increasing the laser beam–particle beam overlap. Assuming complete overlap for thick coatings, we estimate CE for bare Regal Black particles of 0.6 ± 0.1, which suggests that previously measured SP-AMS sensitivities to Regal Black were underestimated by up to a factor of 2. The efficacy of the BWP measurements is highlighted by studies at a busy road in downtown Toronto and at a non-roadside location, which show particle beam widths similar to, but greater than that of bare Regal Black and coated Regal Black, respectively. Further BWP measurements at field locations will help to constrain the range of CE for fresh and aged rBC-containing particles. The ability of the SP-AMS to quantitatively assess the composition of internally mixed particles is validated through measurements of laboratory-generated organic coated particles, which demonstrate that the SP-AMS can quantify rBC and NR-PM over a wide range of particle compositions and rBC core sizes.

Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer: Development, Validation, and Initial Application

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 804-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Onasch ◽  
A. Trimborn ◽  
E. C. Fortner ◽  
J. T. Jayne ◽  
G. L. Kok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Soot Particle ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Aerosol Mass

scholarly journals Application of time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry for the real-time measurement of particle-phase organic peroxides: an online redox derivatization–aerosol mass spectrometer (ORD-AMS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5725-5738
Author(s):  
Marcel Weloe ◽  
Thorsten Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Organic Peroxides ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Health Related

Abstract. Aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) are frequently applied in atmospheric aerosol research in connection with climate, environmental or health-related projects. This is also true for the measurement of the organic fraction of particulate matter, still the least understood group of components contributing to atmospheric aerosols. While quantification of the organic and/or inorganic aerosol fractions is feasible, more detailed information about individual organic compounds or compound classes can usually not be provided by AMS measurements. In this study, we present a new method to detect organic peroxides in the particle phase in real-time using an AMS. Peroxides (ROOR') are of high interest to the atmospheric aerosol community due to their potentially high mass contribution to SOA, their important role in new particle formation and their function as “reactive oxygen species” in aerosol–health-related topics. To do so, supersaturated gaseous triphenylphosphine (TPP) was continuously mixed with the aerosol flow of interest in a condensation/reaction volume in front of the AMS inlet. The formed triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) from the peroxide–TPP reaction was then detected by an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), enabling the semiquantitative determination of peroxide with a time resolution of 2 min. The method was tested with freshly formed and aged biogenic VOC and ozone SOA as well as in a short proof-of-principle study with ambient aerosol.

Aerosol Measurements by Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer: a Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-451
Author(s):  
Yunjiang Zhang ◽  
Junfeng Wang ◽  
Shijie Cui ◽  
Dan Dan Huang ◽  
Xinlei Ge
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Soot Particle ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Aerosol Mass

Particle detection using the dual-vaporizer configuration of the soot particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SP-AMS)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Anita M. Avery ◽  
Leah R. Williams ◽  
Edward C. Fortner ◽  
Wade A. Robinson ◽  
Timothy B. Onasch
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Soot Particle ◽  
Particle Detection ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Aerosol Mass

scholarly journals Mixing state of carbonaceous aerosol in an urban environment: single particle characterization using the soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS)

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1823-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Y. Lee ◽  
M. D. Willis ◽  
R. M. Healy ◽  
T. B. Onasch ◽  
J. P. D. Abbatt
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Soot Particle ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Aerosol Mass

Abstract. Understanding the impact of atmospheric black carbon (BC)-containing particles on human health and radiative forcing requires knowledge of the mixing state of BC, including the characteristics of the materials with which it is internally mixed. In this study, we examine the mixing state of refractory BC (rBC) and other aerosol components in an urban environment (downtown Toronto) utilizing the Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer equipped with a light scattering module (LS-SP-AMS). k-means cluster analysis was used to classify single particle mass spectra into chemically distinct groups. One resultant particle class is dominated by rBC mass spectral signals (C1+ to C5+) while the organic signals fall into a few major particle classes identified as hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA), and cooking emission organic aerosol (COA). A gradual mixing is observed with small rBC particles only thinly coated by HOA (~ 28% by mass on average), while over 90% of the HOA-rich particles did not contain detectable amounts of rBC. Most of the particles classified into other inorganic and organic particle classes were not significantly associated with rBC. The single particle results also suggest that HOA and COA emitted from anthropogenic sources were likely major contributors to organic-rich particles with vacuum aerodynamic diameter (dva) ranging from ~ 200 to 400 nm. The similar temporal profiles and mass spectral features of the organic classes identified by cluster analysis and the factors from a positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the ensemble aerosol data set validate the interpretation of the PMF results.

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