Size Reduction of Cellulosic Biomass in Biofuel Manufacturing: A Study on Confounding Effects of Particle Size and Biomass Crystallinity

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Xiaoxu Song ◽  
Pengfei Zhang ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
T. W. Deines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Cellulosic Biofuel ◽  
Reduction Methods

Biofuels derived from cellulosic biomass offer an alternative to petroleum-based liquid transportation fuels. In order to convert cellulosic biomass into biofuels, size reduction is a necessary step along with pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. In the literature, there are inconsistent reports about why size reduction affects sugar yield (proportional to biofuel yield). An important reason for the inconsistence is that particle formation in current size reduction methods is not well controlled, causing effects of some biomass structural parameters confounded. In this study, a metal-cutting (milling) process is used for size reduction of poplar wood, where particle formation can be well controlled to prevent the effects of multiple parameters from being confounded. The results of this study provide explanations for some inconsistent reports in the literature. These results also reveal some opportunities for future research to understand the effects of size reduction on cellulosic biofuel manufacturing.

Size Reduction of Cellulosic Biomass in Biofuel Manufacturing: Separating the Confounding Effects of Particle Size and Biomass Crystallinity

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Xiaoxu Song ◽  
Pengfei Zhang ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
T. W. Deines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Cellulosic Biofuel ◽  
Reduction Methods

Increasing demands and concerns for reliable supply of liquid transportation fuels make it important to find alternative sources to petroleum-based fuels. Cellulosic biofuels provide one such alternative in the short to medium term. Size reduction is the first step for converting biomass into biofuels. In the literature, there are inconsistent reports about the effects of particle size and biomass crystallinity on sugar yield (proportional to biofuel yield). An important reason for this inconsistence is that particle formation in current size reduction methods is not well controlled, causing the effects of these two variables confounded. One paper investigating the confounding effects of particle size and biomass crystallinity using a metal-cutting (milling) process was previously published in this journal. This paper presents a follow-up study. In this study, a lathe was used to produce poplar wood particles with the same crystallinity but different sizes, making it possible to study the effects of particle size on biofuel yield independently without being confounded by the effects of biomass crystallinity. Results showed that, for the three levels of particle size used in this study, sugar yield increased as particle size became smaller. This study also revealed future research opportunities to understand the effects of size reduction and biomass crystallinity in cellulosic biofuel manufacturing.

Size Reduction of Cellulosic Biomass in Biofuel Manufacturing: Effects of Biomass Crystallinity and Particle Size

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Xiaoxu Song ◽  
P. F. Zhang ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
T. Deines
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cellulosic Biofuels ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Cellulosic Biofuel ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Petroleum Reserves

Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increasing environmental impact of greenhouse gas emissions make it urgent to develop sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based transportation fuels. Cellulosic biofuels provide one such alternative in the short to medium term. In order to convert cellulosic biomass into biofuels, size reduction is a necessary step. In the literature, there are inconsistent reports about the effects of particle size and biomass crystallinity on sugar yield (proportional to biofuel yield). An important reason for this inconsistence is that particle formation in current size reduction methods is not well controlled, causing the effects of these two variables confounded. This paper presents an experimental study on size reduction of poplar wood using a lathe, where particle formation could be well controlled to prevent the effects of these two variables from being confounded. In this study, particle size was controlled by different numbers of slots cut on the workpiece. Particles with the same crystallinity but different particle sizes were produced. This will make it possible to study the effects of particle size on biofuel yield independently, and reveal future research opportunities to understand the effects of size reduction in cellulosic biofuel manufacturing.

Size Reduction of Cellulosic Biomass in Biofuel Manufacturing: Effects of Milling Orientation on Sugar Yield

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Xiaoxu Song ◽  
P. F. Zhang ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Poplar Wood ◽  
Cellulosic Biofuels ◽  
First Time

Cellulosic biofuels can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the nation’s dependence on foreign oil. In order to convert cellulosic biomass into biofuels, size reduction of biomass is a necessary step. Most related studies in the literature claimed that smaller particles produced higher sugar yields. However, some researchers reported that this claim was not always true. The literature does not have satisfactory explanations for the inconsistence. This paper presents an experimental study on size reduction of poplar wood using a metal cutting process (milling). The results provided one explanation for this inconsistence. It was found for the first time that milling orientation had a strong effect on poplar wood sugar yield. Although smaller poplar particles had a higher sugar yield when they were milled from the same orientation, this trend did not exist for particles milled from different orientations.

Investigating the Effect of Cutting Speed Variation on Surface Roughness of 7136 Aluminum Alloy in End Milling

2015 ◽  
Vol 809-810 ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Bianca Bonţiu Pop ◽  
Mircea Lobonţiu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
End Milling ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cutting Depth ◽  
Speed Variation

Surface quality is affected by various processing parameters and inherent uncertainties of the metal cutting process. Therefore, the surface roughness anticipation becomes a real challenge for engineers and researchers. In previous researches [1] I have investigated the feed rate influence on surface roughness and manufacturing time reduction. The 7136 aluminum alloy was machined by end milling operation using standard tools for aluminum machining. The purpose of this paper is to identify by experiments the influence of cutting speed variation on surface roughness. The scientific contribution brought by this research is the improvement of the end milling process of 7136 aluminum alloy. This material is an aluminum alloy developed by Universal Alloy Corporation and is used in the aircraft industry to manufacture parts from extruded profiles. The research method used to solve the problem is experiment. A range of cutting speeds was used while the cutting depth and the feed per tooth were constrained per minimum and maximum requirements defined for the given cutting tool. The experiment was performed by using a 16 mm End milling cutter, holding two indexable cutting inserts. The machine used for the milling tests was a HAAS VF2 CNC. The surface roughness (response) was measured by using a portable surface roughness tester (TESA RUGOSURF 20 Portable Surface Finish Instrument). Following the experimental research, results were obtained which highlight the cutting speed influence on surface roughness. Based on these results we created roughness variation diagrams according to the cutting speed for each value of feed per tooth and cutting depth. The final results will be used as data for future research.

Size Reduction of Poplar Wood Using a Lathe for Biofuel Manufacturing: A Preliminary Experiment

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxu Song ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
T. Deines ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chip Thickness ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Poplar Wood ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Reduction Methods

Poplar wood can be used as feedstocks for manufacturing of cellulosic biofuels (e.g., ethanol) as liquid transportation fuels. Producing ethanol from poplar wood involves reducing poplar wood into small particles, hydrolyzing cellulose inside poplar particles to fermentable sugars, and converting these sugars to ethanol. Size reduction is usually done by wood chipping and biomass milling. In the literature on poplar biofuels, there are no reports on particle formation mechanisms or effects of size reduction on sugar yield. One important reason for the lack of such knowledge is that particle formation in current size reduction methods is not well controlled. This paper presents the first attempt to use a lathe to generate poplar particles (or chips) with well controlled mechanisms of chip formation. The objective is to experimentally determine relations among chip thickness, uncut chip cross-section area, shear angle (representing the deformation severity of the chips), crystallinity index, and sugar yield.

Survey of code-size reduction methods

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Árpád Beszédes ◽  
Rudolf Ferenc ◽  
Tibor Gyimóthy ◽  
André Dolenc ◽  
Konsta Karsisto
Keyword(s):  
Size Reduction ◽  
Code Size ◽  
Reduction Methods

Study on CNC Milling Heat and Residual Stress Relationship Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 693 ◽  
pp. 900-905
Author(s):  
W.W. Song ◽  
J.L. Wang ◽  
H.F. Wang ◽  
Dun Wen Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Deformation Theory ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Cutting Heat ◽  
Relationship Model ◽  
Milling Temperature ◽  
Problem Solving Process

In this paper, the effect of the cutting heat on the workpiece in the processing was studied. Its essence is to study relationship between the workpiece temperature variation and internal residual stress distribution. In the specific problem-solving process, the metal cutting theory, finite element related knowledge and metal elastoplastic deformation theory were combined, and established a mathematical model which was suitable for the model of the milling temperature and residual stress in the milling process. It would provide theoretical support for future study on milling deformation mechanism.

scholarly journals Influential Factors in Remote Monitoring of Heart Failure Patients: A Review of the Literature and Direction for Future Research

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3575
Author(s):  
Sashini Senarath ◽  
Geoff Fernie ◽  
Atena Roshan Fekr
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
Daily Monitoring ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Physiological Variables

With new advances in technology, remote monitoring of heart failure (HF) patients has become increasingly prevalent and has the potential to greatly enhance the outcome of care. Many studies have focused on implementing systems for the management of HF by analyzing physiological signals for the early detection of HF decompensation. This paper reviews recent literature exploring significant physiological variables, compares their reliability in predicting HF-related events, and examines the findings according to the monitored variables used such as body weight, bio-impedance, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate. The reviewed studies identified correlations between the monitored variables and the number of alarms, HF-related events, and/or readmission rates. It was observed that the most promising results came from studies that used a combination of multiple parameters, compared to using an individual variable. The main challenges discussed include inaccurate data collection leading to contradictory outcomes from different studies, compliance with daily monitoring, and consideration of additional factors such as physical activity and diet. The findings demonstrate the need for a shared remote monitoring platform which can lead to a significant reduction of false alarms and help in collecting reliable data from the patients for clinical use especially for the prevention of cardiac events.

Comprehensive Survey on Metal Artifact Reduction Methods in Computed Tomography Images

2017 ◽  
pp. 1281-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrinivas D. Desai ◽  
Linganagouda Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reference Source ◽  
Projection Data ◽  
Artifact Reduction ◽  
Metal Artifact ◽  
Metal Artifact Reduction ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Survey

Over the past few years, medical imaging technology has significantly advanced. Today, medical imaging modalities have been designed with state-of-the-art technology to provide much better in-depth resolution, reduced artifacts, and improved contrast –to – noise ratio. However in many practical situations complete projection data is not acquired leading to incomplete data problem. When the data is incomplete, tomograms may blur, resolution degrades, noise increases and forms artifacts which is the most important factor in degrading the tomography image quality and eventually hinders diagnostic accuracy. Efficient strategies to address this problem and to improve the diagnostic acceptability of CT images are thus invaluable. This review work, presents comprehensive survey of techniques for minimization of streaking artifact due to metallic implant in CT images. Problematic issues and outlook for the future research are discussed too. The major goal of the paper is to provide a comprehensive reference source for the researchers involved in metal artifact reduction methods.

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