Combustion of Apple Juice Wastes in a Cyclone Combustor for Thermal Energy Generation (ES2009-90152)

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Virmond ◽  
Robson L. Schacker ◽  
Waldir Albrecht ◽  
Christine A. Althoff ◽  
Maurício de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Unburned Carbon ◽  
Cyclone Combustor ◽  
Combustion Tests

The solid waste generated from the apple juice industry (apple bagasse (AB)) was characterized as a fuel, and the potential for its utilization as an alternative energy source was assessed through its combustion in a pilot scale cyclone combustor. A comparative evaluation of the AB and sawdust (SD) properties, as well as of the emissions during the combustion tests, was performed. The high energy content of AB (lower heating value (LHV) equal to 21.09 MJ kg−1), dry and ash-free (daf) basis, which is 26.9% higher than the LHV of SD (16.62 MJ kg−1, daf), and combined with the high volatile matter content (85.36 wt %, daf) improve the ignition and burning of the solids. The emissions of CO, SO2, and NOx and the total organic carbon (TOC) were compared with guideline limits established by Brazilian and international legislation. AB generated much lower CO than sawdust in spite of almost half of excess air levels (13% compared with 26%) and met even the stringent limit of the German regulation for waste incineration. The unburned carbon percentages found in the ash resulted from SD and AB combustion tests were 0.24% and 0.96% in weight, respectively. The absence of sulfur in AB composition represents an advantage with nondetectable SO2. The average level of NOx emission with SD combustion was 242 mg N m−3 and met all the regulation limits. The average NOx emission with AB combustion though was 642 mg N m−3 and met the U.S. EPA regulation but was marginally higher than the Brazilian norm by 15%. TOC concentrations remained below the limits considered even though the TOC level was higher in the AB combustion test. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were not detected or were under the quantification limit of the equipment used in their analysis. Comparing the properties, the burning profiles of SD and AB, and the emissions from their combustion tests, it can be stated that the waste originating from the apple juice industry is suitable for direct combustion, constituting a renewable energy source for this industrial sector.

scholarly journals BIOFUELS AS PROMISING FUELS

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladan Mićić ◽  
Pero Dugić ◽  
Zoran Petrović ◽  
Milorad Tomić
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Technical Issues

The use of fossil fuels results in global warming and pollution. In comparison with fossil fuels biofuels represent an eco-friendly, biodegradable, sustainable, cost-competitive and promising alternative energy source. They contain high energy content and do not contribute to greenhouse effect. Therefore, using cheap or renewable resources as the feedstock for biofuels production has a great potential in terms of a major contribution to future energy supply. The production and use of biofuels is already well established and a further promotion of these fuels such as lipid biofuels (bioethanol, pure plant oils and biodiesel) and gas biofuels (biomethane, biohydrogen) mainly depends on non-technical issues, such as policies and cost–effectiveness. Biofuels will definitely stay for the foreseeable future and still can continue to provide the earth and the human population with a relatively clean source of energy with several benefits such as economic benefits of providing employment and health benefits of reduced carbon emissions, leading to cleaner air. With increasing sophistication of technology and intense research and development done, one can safely infer that biofuel will become more appealing and applicable for use on a globally commercial level. As such, biofuel is acknowledged as the Earth’s future energy source. Until a newer and cleaner energy source is discovered, scientists will definitely persist in researching and enhancing biofuels to make them more cost-effective, while still being environmentally friendly.

scholarly journals Peanut Shell for Energy: Properties and Its Potential to Respect the Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno ◽  
Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro ◽  
Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo ◽  
Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Peanut Shell ◽  
Agroindustrial Waste ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Peanut Shells ◽  
Industrial Heating

The peanut (Arachys hypogaea) is a plant of the Fabaceae family (legumes), as are chickpeas, lentils, beans, and peas. It is originally from South America and is used mainly for culinary purposes, in confectionery products, or as a nut as well as for the production of biscuits, breads, sweets, cereals, and salads. Also, due to its high percentage of fat, peanuts are used for industrialized products such as oils, flours, inks, creams, lipsticks, etc. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistical yearbook in 2016, the production of peanuts was 43,982,066 t, produced in 27,660,802 hectares. Peanuts are grown mainly in Asia, with a global production rate of 65.3%, followed by Africa with 26.2%, the Americas with 8.4%, and Oceania with 0.1%. The peanut industry is one of the main generators of agroindustrial waste (shells). This residual biomass (25–30% of the total weight) has a high energy content that is worth exploring. The main objectives of this study are, firstly, to evaluate the energy parameters of peanut shells as a possible solid biofuel applied as an energy source in residential and industrial heating installations. Secondly, different models are analysed to estimate the higher heating value (HHV) for biomass proposed by different scientists and to determine which most accurately fits the determination of this value for peanut shells. Thirdly, we evaluate the reduction in global CO2 emissions that would result from the use of peanut shells as biofuel. The obtained HHV of peanut shells (18.547 MJ/kg) is higher than other biomass sources evaluated, such as olive stones (17.884 MJ/kg) or almond shells (18.200 MJ/kg), and similar to other sources of biomass used at present for home and industrial heating applications. Different prediction models of the HHV value proposed by scientists for different types of biomass have been analysed and the one that best fits the calculation for the peanut shell has been determined. The CO2 reduction that would result from the use of peanut shells as an energy source has been evaluated in all production countries, obtaining values above 0.5 ‰ of their total emissions.

Potential of Industrial Solid Wastes as an Energy Source and Gaseous Emissions Evaluation in a Pilot Scale Burner

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia L. Floriani ◽  
Elaine Virmond ◽  
Christine Albrecht Althoff ◽  
Regina F. P. M. Moreira ◽  
Humberto J. Jose´
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Combustion Tests ◽  
Lower Heating

Biomass is currently used as an alternative energy source in some industries. Due to problems with disposal of wastes, using biomass as an energy source is economically and environmentally attractive. In this work seven wastes from textile and food industry were characterized and their gaseous emissions resulting from their combustion in a pilot unit were measured. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the usage of industrial wastes as an energy source taking into account their composition and gaseous emissions when submitted to combustion tests. Gaseous emissions were compared to limits imposed by Brazilian and international current legislations. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) were analyzed by GC-MS and their content values were expressed as total organic carbon (TOC). Four combustion tests were carried out in a cyclone combustor and all TOC emissions were below regulations limits. CO, CO2, NOx, CxHy and SO2 were also measured. Chemical properties showed that the volatile matter values of all biomass were high what indicate that the solids burn rapidly and some biomass presented high levels of sulphur and consequently high levels of emission of SO2 when burned. The lower heating values ranged from 14.22 to 22.93 MJ.kg−1. Moisture content and particulate matter (PM) were measured during the combustion tests and showed effective combustion conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis of the biomasses showed ignition temperatures and maximum burning rate which were compared to other papers data. The usage of these biomasses as an energy source is possible however gas treatment would be required specially if the solid presents high levels of sulphur and chlorine.

scholarly journals COMBUSTION PERFORMANCE OF SYNGAS FROM PALM KERNEL SHELL IN A GAS BURNER

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmadib Yusoff @ Adnan ◽  
Muhammad Roslan Rahim ◽  
Mohammad Nazri Mohd. Jaafar ◽  
Norazila Othman ◽  
Mohd Shuisma Mohd Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Flame Length ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Downdraft Gasifier ◽  
Combustion Performance ◽  
Rich Condition ◽  
Gas Burner

Insufficient and various environmental issues of fossil fuels as the current world dominated energy is now becoming a serious global issue. The rapidly increasing demand for alternative energy sources has contributed to the steady growth of renewable energy. Owing to the fact of the abundant presence of palm kernel shell (PKS) as one of palm biomass wastes in South East Asia region, this paper investigates syngas produced from gasified PKS. The investigation is regarding its composition and combustion performance in a gas burner system. It covers emissions analysis, temperature profile and flame length. The produced syngas from downdraft gasifier was burned in the combustion chamber in air-rich and fuel-rich combustion conditions.  From the experiment, the results showed that the oxidation zone temperature of above 750°C for the downdraft gasifier is suitable for producing syngas. Produced syngas can be classified as pure-carbon monoxide (CO) syngas due to 94.9% CO content with no hydrogen (H2) content and low heating value (LHV) of 10.7 MJ/kg. The wall temperature profiles for burnt syngas produced via downdraft gasification was higher with longer pattern at fuel-rich condition, which signified higher energy of syngas produced from downdraft gasifier compared to fluidised bed gasifier.  The associated flame length was also longer at fuel-rich condition. Produced emission of 56 ppm NOX, 37 ppm CO and 1 ppm SO2 can still be considered as acceptable to human.  It can be concluded that syngas produced from PKS shown a high potential to serve as an alternative source of energy due to its high energy content.

scholarly journals CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICA, QUÍMICA E MÊCANICA DE PELLETS DE BAGAÇO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Lopes Amaral Costa ◽  
Humberto de Jesus Eufrade Junior ◽  
Emanuel Rangel Spadim ◽  
José Mauro Santana Da Silva ◽  
Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical Density ◽  
E Mail

CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICA, QUÍMICA E MÊCANICA DE PELLETS DE BAGAÇO DE CANA-DE- AÇÚCAR   ANA CAROLINA LOPES AMARAL COSTA1, HUMBERTO DE JESUS EUFRADE JUNIOR2, EMANUEL RANGEL SPADIM3, JOSÉ MAURO SANTANA DA SILVA4, SAULO PHILIPE SEBASTIÃO GUERRA5   1 Departamento de Engenharia Rural e Socioeconomia, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) – Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária - 3780, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail:  [email protected] 2 Departamento de Engenharia Rural e Socioeconomia, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) – Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária - 3780, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail:  [email protected] 3 Departamento de Engenharia Rural e Socioeconomia, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) – Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária - 3780, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail:  [email protected] 4 Departamento de Ciências Ambientais. Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. João Leme dos Santos, km 110, CEP: 18052.780.  Bairro Itinga, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 5 Departamento de Engenharia Rural e Socioeconomia, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) – Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Universitária - 3780, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail:  [email protected]   RESUMO: A bioenergia é uma das alternativas para diminuir a dependência de combustíveis fósseis da matriz energética mundial. Os pellets surgem como uma opção interessante para a produção de biomassa e o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, também, pode ser aproveitado na forma de pellets. Pellets é o nome dado ao produto resultante do processo de compressão aplicada a uma matéria prima, sendo que em muitos casos essa matéria prima é preparada previamente através do processo de secagem e moagem. O objetivo da pesquisa foi realizar a análise das propriedades: físicas - densidade, umidade, granulometria, diâmetro e comprimento, químicas – teor de carbono fixo, material volátil e cinzas, mecânicas -  durabilidade mecânica e o poder calorífico superior. Foram analisadas amostras de pellets provenientes de fazendas do Estado de São Paulo. As análises foram conduzidas no Laboratório Agroflorestal de Biomassa e Bioenergia (LABB/IPBEN) pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP), sendo esta biomassa uma fonte alternativa de energia com alto teor energético e baixa umidade   Palavras-chave: poder calorífico superior, biomassa, fontes alternativas de energia.   PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE PELLETS   ABSTRACT: Bioenergy is one of the alternatives to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels in the world energy matrix. Pellets appear like an attractive option for the production of biomass, and sugarcane can be used in the form of pellets. Pellets are the name given to the product that affects the process of applying a raw material, and in many cases, this material is prepared for the drying and grinding process. The objective of the research was to carry out an analysis of the properties: physical - density, granulometry, diameter and length, chemical - fixed carbon content, volatile matter and ashes, mechanics - mechanical use, and higher heating value. Samples of pellets from farms in the State of São Paulo were analyzed. Analyzes were conducted at the Agroforestry Laboratory of Biomass and Bioenergy (LABB / IPBEN) belonging to the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences (FCA / UNESP), and this biomass showed to be an alternative source of energy with high energy content and low moisture.    Keywords:  higher heating value, biomass, alternative energy source.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Properties of Small Diameter Wild Acacia mangium Species as Potential Biomass Energy Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Mohd Sukhairi Mat Rasat ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Hazim Mohamad Amini ◽  
Razak Wahab ◽  
Puad Elham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Particle Sizes

Currently, the primary energy supply in Malaysia is dominant by non-renewable energy sources such oil, natural gas and coal which contributed to the scarcity of these sources and occurrence of global warming. This phenomenon raises the public concerns to diversify the energy sources to sustain energy availability. To address these predicaments, biomass sources is among the prominent alternative energy sources since it is renewable and possesses minimal harms to the environment. Thus, the woody plant with high growth rate and high energy content that can be used to serve as potential biomass energy sources. In this study, small diameter (5-8cm) of wild Acacia mangium species have been determined and compared accordingly three (3) different portions (bottom, middle and top) and two (2) different particle sizes (0.5 and 1.5mm). The analysis conducted to determine the properties of raw material of Acacia mangium as biomass energy sources were proximate, physical and energy content properties. The result obtained for the energy content analysis of small diameter wild Acacia mangium has a mean calorific value range from 16.35 to 18.35MJ/kg between portions and particle sizes. In order to determine the effect of portions and particle sizes on each of the proximate, physical and energy content properties, two-way ANOVA was performed. It shows that both the portions and particle sizes have significant effect on calorific value (energy content) of small diameter wild Acacia mangium at 99% of confidence level. In a nutshell, the biomass energy properties of small diameter wild Acacia mangium with different portions and particle sizes were being determined.

scholarly journals Solar Driven Photocatalytic Fuel Cells: an Environmentally Friendly Innovation of Power Plant Technology as Energy Source

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emas Agus Prastyo Wibowo ◽  
Navela Rahma Aji ◽  
Nuni Widiarti ◽  
Cepi Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Unequal Distribution

<p class="Els-Abstract-text">Nowadays, the demand of energy in Indonesia is still dominated by fossil fuel. In 2013, fossil fuel contributed 94.3 % of the total energy. Production of fossil fuel or conventional energy sources such as coal, oil, and gas that are widely used to fulfill the energy needs in the world has been decreasing very significantly. One of energy supply problems resulting from the deficiency of fossil fuel energy is unequal distribution of electricity in areas of Indonesia. To overcome the energy supply issues, hence hydrogen can be used as energy supplier because it has been proven to be potential and prospective alternative energy source. The hydrogen resulted from water electrolysis can be used as the main component of fuel cells technology. Fuel cells technology is a kind of renewable energy that is clean and safe. It also has high energy efficiency. Power plant using fuel cells technology is then used as energy supplier for public street lighting in the remote areas which lack of electricity supply from Electricity Company or PLN. However, those areas should have abundant sources of water to be converted into hydrogen.  Here we explore the idea of designing Solar Driven Photocatalytic Fuel Cells. The first step is to synthesize nitrogen dopped titanium dioxide (N-TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanotubes/dye by using hydrothermal method on Fluorine Tin Oxide (FTO) substrate. Then use it as a photoanode, Silicon (Si) is used as cathode by putting the metal into Hydrofluoric acid (HF) liquid. The hydrogen will be generated from water electrolysis. Then use the hydrogen as a fuel. The fuel cells can generate electricity without combustion of fuel and produce zero pollution.</p>

Combustion of Apple Juice Wastes in a Cyclone Combustor for Thermal Energy Generation

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Virmond ◽  
Robson L. Schacker ◽  
Waldir Albrecht ◽  
Christine A. Althoff ◽  
Mauri´cio de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Cyclone Combustor ◽  
Operation Conditions

The thermal conversion of biomass fuels using different combustion technologies has increased worldwidely in the latest years due to the energetic exploitation potential of wastes as well as to the strong increase of environmental consciousness in the industrial sector. In this work the bagasse obtained from the apple juice industry (AB) was characterized and the gaseous emissions resulting from its combustion in a pilot scale cyclone combustor were measured and compared to limits imposed by Brazilian and international current legislations. Wood and wood-based materials are extensively used as fuel for thermal energy generation particularly in the Brazilian food industry, which demands large amounts of steam. Considering that, sawdust (SD) was also characterized, burned in the same conditions and the gaseous emissions analyzed for comparison purposes. Sampling for the volatile organic compounds benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene (BTEX, expressed as total organic carbon, TOC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were performed and the samples analyzed by gaseous chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chemical properties showed that the volatile matter value of AB is high (85.36 wt%, daf) what indicates that the solid burn rapidly. The absence of sulfur in its composition represents an advantage in relation to fossil fuels because its combustion does not release sulfur derived compounds. The lower heating value is 21.09 MJ.kg−1 (daf), 26.9% higher than the heating value of SD (16.62 MJ.kg−1). The effect of the N fuel content found in AB composition was clearly noticed through the high NOx concentration in the flue gas resulted from its burning. Comparing the properties and the burning profiles of SD and AB, it can be stated that this industrial waste obtained from the apple juice industry is suitable for direct combustion, constituting a renewable energy source for this industrial sector, however, measures as air staging and staged addition of fuel, or flue gas cleaning technologies would be required for reducing the NOx emission. Concerning the presence of toxic compounds as PAH, they were not detected once the operation conditions applied resulted in controlled gaseous emissions and temperature profile. Also, TOC concentrations remained below the regulations limits considered.

scholarly journals Studi Pembuatan Biohidrogen dari Limbah Padat Blotong dan Limbah Cair Industri Gula Secara Fermentasi Anaerob

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Marzuki ◽  
Darmin ◽  
A. Sry Iryani
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Strong Acids

Study of the manufacture of biohydrogenBiohydrogen from Blotong Solid Waste and Sewer Liquid Waste by Anaerob Fermentation. Hydrogen is a clean and efficient energy source. The gas has the highest energy content per unit and is a fuel that is not chemically bonded with carbon. Hydrogen is an alternative energy source that can be produced from renewable energy sources such as biomass known as biohydrogen. Biohydrogen production can be done by fermentation technique. This method is a combination of chemical and biological approaches. Biological waste that became the raw material for the manufacture of hydrocarbons is degraded using various types of fungi. While chemically using strong acids from a strong start to a diluted. The specialty that exists in biohydrogen is that biohydrogen is easily converted to fuel or electricity without leaving pollutants. This research was conducted with the aim to utilize the industrial waste of sugar by using anaerobic fermentation hydrogenation bacteria to produce biohydrogen as renewable and environmentally friendly fuel and can identify good ratio to produce biohidrogen between solid waste with liquid waste. This research was conducted with 3 comparasion of variation between solid blotongwaste and sugar industry liquid waste that is: 1:1, 1:2, 2:1. From the results of this study it is concluded that the best ratio of the ratio of biohydrogen is the ratio ratio 2:1 which identifies the formation of visible gas in the balloon.

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