Development of a Novel Artifact as a Reference for Gear Pitch Measuring Instruments

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohan Kondo ◽  
Kazuyuki Sasajima ◽  
Sonko Osawa ◽  
Osamu Sato ◽  
Masaharu Komori
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Pitch Accuracy ◽  
Gear Teeth ◽  
Reference Axis ◽  
Small Uncertainty ◽  
Orientation Technique ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Pitch Deviation

The pitch accuracy of a gear is graded on the order of 0.1 μm in ISO 1328-1; therefore, it is necessary for gear measuring instruments (GMIs) to be able to measure gears with the required high accuracy. GMIs are evaluated by measuring a calibrated gear or a gearlike artifact. It is, however, difficult to obtain a measurement uncertainty of less than 0.1 μm. The reason for this difficulty is that a gear artifact has a form error and surface roughness, and that the measurement position on the gear face differs slightly from the calibrated position. In view of this situation, we propose a novel multiball artifact (MBA), which is composed of equally spaced pitch balls, a centering ball, and a datum plane. The pitch balls are assumed to act as gear teeth by calibrating the angular pitch between the centers of each pitch ball. The centering ball and the datum plane are used to set a reference axis of the virtual gear. We manufactured an MBA with the pitch balls arranged on a curvic coupling. The angular pitch deviation between the centers of each pitch ball was calibrated using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and adopting the multiple-orientation technique. A master gear was also calibrated for comparison. The measurement uncertainty for the cumulative angular pitch deviation was 0.45 arc sec for the MBA and 1.58 arc sec for the master gear. The MBA could be calibrated with small uncertainty compared with the master gear. After the calibration, a virtual gear of the MBA was built using the calibration value. The virtual gear was measured using the gear-measuring software on the CMM. The measurement value was equal within the range of uncertainty of calibration value. It is verified that the superiority of the MBA to the gear artifact is due to the following reasons: (1) The balls can be manufactured with an accuracy of several tens of nanometers. (2) The calibrated result for the MBA is almost independent of a probe-positioning error because the centers of each pitch ball can be measured at multiple points. (3) In setting the reference axis, the gear artifact generally uses a datum cylinder, in contrast, the MBA uses more accurate ball.

scholarly journals Measuring Sensors Calibration in Worm Gear Rolling Testers

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Pueo ◽  
Raquel Acero ◽  
Ángel Gracia ◽  
Jorge Santolaria
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Uncertainty Budget ◽  
Worm Gear ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
Process Uncertainty ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Calibration And Verification ◽  
Calibration Techniques ◽  
Gear Rolling

The ISO standard regulating gear-rolling measurement does not specify in detail the calibration and verification procedures for this type of equipment. This may be one of the reasons for the lack of reproducibility in these rolling tests. The uncertainty budget method, which is the most appropriate way to know the accuracy of this dynamic measurement, shows that the measuring sensors’ accuracy is only a part of the total measurement process uncertainty. In this work, a new calibration and verification procedure for a worm gear rolling tester is presented, based on machine tool, coordinate measuring machine and gear measuring instruments’ calibration techniques. After compensating numerically for the measuring instruments, it has been evaluated how the error components of each movement affect the meshing point, a fundamental factor to ensure a good gear transmission. The study shows that there are unintentional position variations, not detected by the measuring sensors, that have to be identified and quantified in the calibration for their later inclusion in the uncertainty budget. In this way, the measurement uncertainty could be reduced, and thus improve the reproducibility of these testers, as a preliminary stage to the development of optimized rolling measurement equipment to solve current limitations.

scholarly journals Geometric analysis of injection-molded polymer gears (Rapid communication)

Polimery ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Pisula
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Analysis ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Accuracy Class ◽  
Coordinate Measurement ◽  
Gear Teeth ◽  
Single Tooth ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Injection Molded

Properties of polymer gears were tested using coordinate measurement methods. This study is a follow-up to research on geometric accuracy of gears manufactured by injection molding. Spur gears were measured on a coordinate measuring machine running the GINA software by Klingelnberg. Measurement results were output in the form of measurement sheets which included values required in the DIN 3962 standard. The article also analyses the topography of test gear teeth. The topography was presented for a single tooth of the gear and determined on the basis of the measurements of 9 profiles distributed evenly over a specific profile assessment interval (interval Lα defined in the standard) and 7 tooth traces located within a relevant tooth trace assessment interval (interval Lβ defined in the standard). All gears tested in this study were placed outside accuracy class 12.

scholarly journals A Random Factorial Design of Experiments Study on the Influence of Key Factors and Their Interactions on the Measurement Uncertainty: A Case Study Using the ZEISS CenterMax

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Kritikos ◽  
Lissette Concepción Maure ◽  
Alfredo Alejandro Leyva Céspedes ◽  
Daynier Rolando Delgado Sobrino ◽  
Róbert Hrušecký
Keyword(s):  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Standard Uncertainty ◽  
Step Width ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Factorial Design Of Experiments ◽  
Measurement And Evaluation

This paper addresses the uncertainty analysis in the case of a coordinate measuring machine. The main goal was analyzing, quantifying, and drawing conclusions on the influence of key factors and their interactions on the measurements’ uncertainty of the variable’s parallelism, angularity, roundness, diameter, and distance. In order to achieve this goal, a Random Factorial Design of Experiments was designed and implemented. It focused on the factors Stylus diameter, Step width, and Speed using three random levels each. For the solution of the experiment, an analysis of variance was used. The study was carried out on the coordinate measuring machine (CMM) ZEISS CenterMax. It was concluded that the interaction effects among Stylus diameter, Step width, and Speed were active at a confidence level of 95%. Besides, it was possible to estimate random factors‘ variance and their contribution to the total variation. Among the main effects, the Stylus diameter showed to be the one with the biggest influence. The paper also quantifies the influence in the measurement uncertainty, where the highest value of standard uncertainty belonged to the Stylus diameter in the evaluation of the variable’s angularity and diameter. Besides, the Speed factor was proved to have the biggest influence on the roundness’ measurement and evaluation.

CMM Measurement Uncertainty Reduction via Sampling Strategy Optimization

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Moroni ◽  
Stefano Petro`
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Uncertainty Reduction ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Geometrical Error ◽  
Measuring Machine

Uncertainty is a key concept in any environment which involves measurements to ensure process quality: a trade-off has to be found between measurement costs, which increase as uncertainty lowers, and costs related to measurement errors. In mechanics, geometrical conformance is a common requirement. Two similar standards series deal with the problem of uncertainty in geometrical error estimate: ASME B89.7.3 and ISO 14253. Geometrical inspection is often performed by means of a “Coordinate Measuring Machine” (CMM). For a CMM, a trade off between measurement and errors costs may be found by optimizing the sampling strategy. In this work a cost function will be proposed as support for finding a trade-off between measurement uncertainty and costs. This function may be optimized by means of an heuristic algorithm. The method will involve repeated measurements of calibrated parts to evaluate uncertainty (like in ISO/TS 15330-3). A case study will be proposed.

scholarly journals Digital Twin of an Optical Measurement System

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6638
Author(s):  
Michiel Vlaeyen ◽  
Han Haitjema ◽  
Wim Dewulf
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Plane Angle ◽  
Optical Measurement System ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Line Scanner

Digital twins of measurement systems are used to estimate their measurement uncertainty. In the past, virtual coordinate measuring machines have been extensively researched. Research on digital twins of optical systems is still lacking due to the high number of error contributors. A method to describe a digital twin of an optical measurement system is presented in this article. The discussed optical system is a laser line scanner mounted on a coordinate measuring machine. Each component of the measurement system is mathematically described. The coordinate measuring machine focuses on the hardware errors and the laser line scanner determines the measurement error based on the scan depth, in‑plane angle and out‑of‑plane angle. The digital twin assumes stable measurement conditions and uniform surface characteristics. Based on the Monte Carlo principle, virtual measurements can be used to determine the measurement uncertainty. This is demonstrated by validating the digital twin on a set of calibrated ring gauges. Two validation tests are performed: the first verifies the virtual uncertainty estimation by comparison with experimental data. The second validates the measured diameter of different ring gauges by comparing the estimated confidence interval with the calibrated diameter.

Evaluation of CMM Accuracy by Using Capability Indexes

2013 ◽  
Vol 281 ◽  
pp. 282-286
Author(s):  
Adel Elhadi M. Yahya ◽  
Martin Halaj
Keyword(s):  
Control Charts ◽  
Design Principle ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Good Method ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Tolerance Limits ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Intended Use

Capability indexes of several types belong to the most common tools used for evaluation of the measuring instruments performance over a certain period of time. The indices differ by calculation method, properties as well as by intended use. But their design principle is approximately the same. The ratio of prescribed (required) accuracy and really achieved process accuracy is always observed. However, this evaluation represents only a part of the overall measurements management system. The suitability of capability indexes for the evaluation of CMMs accuracy over a time. After analyzing the results we had found machine capability indexes good method for evaluation of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) accuracy over a certain time interval. CMM are high accuracy and capable to perform the measurement of lengths, machine capability indexes helps to determine the ability for coordinate measuring machine between tolerance limits and engineering specifications, but the use of x-control charts to get and keep processes under control.

Evaluation of True Position Using Coordinate Measuring Machine

2014 ◽  
Vol 555 ◽  
pp. 511-517
Author(s):  
Roman Budiský ◽  
Marian Králik ◽  
Ján Kost
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Coordinate System ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machines ◽  
Probe System ◽  
Geometric Deviations ◽  
True Position ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Touch Probe

The article makes a contribution to the ever-important topic of evaluating geometric deviations of tolerated forms related to the datum system using coordinate measuring machines with a touch probe system. The datum system consists of the coordinate system and the coordinates planes. An integral part of the article is the quantification of the true position tolerated form related to the datum system and experimental evaluation of the deviation with calculation of measurement uncertainty, according to STN EN ISO 15530-3.

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