Machining Characteristics of Leaded Steel

1960 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenton L. Bagley ◽  
Roy Mennell
Keyword(s):  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Machining Characteristics ◽  
Lead Addition ◽  
Cutting Speeds

The effects of lead addition in alloy steel upon the metal-cutting process were explored over a wide range of conditions. In particular, a range of cutting speeds (from 50 to 800 fpm) and workpiece hardness (from 230 to 450 Bhn) were investigated on one work-piece material (4340) using principally a carbide (C-6) cutting tool. Orthogonal (two-dimensional) data was taken to describe the metal-cutting process, and tool-life data were obtained by running a typical production tool to failure at the various cutting conditions. Several mechanisms to explain experimental results, including lead acting as a lubricant, are discussed.

Role of energy consumption, cutting tool and workpiece materials towards environmentally conscious machining: A comprehensive review

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman Pervaiz ◽  
Sathish Kannan ◽  
Ibrahim Deiab ◽  
Hossam Kishawy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Workpiece Material ◽  
Tool Materials ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cutting Operation

Metal-cutting process deals with the removal of material using the shearing operation with the help of hard cutting tools. Machining operations are famous in the manufacturing sector due to their capability to manufacture tight tolerances and high dimensional accuracy while simultaneously maintaining the cost-effectiveness for higher production levels. As metal-cutting processes consume a great amount of input resources and generate some material-based waste streams, these processes are highly criticized due to their high and negative environmental impacts. Researchers in the metal-cutting sector are currently exploring and benchmarking different activities and best practices to make the cutting operation environment friendly in nature. These eco-friendly practices mainly cover the wide range of activities directly or indirectly associated with the metal-cutting operation. Most of the literature for sustainable metal-cutting activities revolves around the sustainable lubrication techniques to minimize the negative influence of cutting fluids on the environment. However, there is a need to enlarge the assessment domain for the metal-cutting process and other directly and indirectly associated practices such as enhancing sustainability through innovative methods for workpiece and cutting tool materials, and approaches to optimize energy consumption should also be explored. The aim of this article is to explore the role of energy consumption and the influence of workpiece and tool materials towards the sustainability of machining process. The article concludes that sustainability of the machining process can be improved by incorporating different innovative approaches related to the energy and tool–workpiece material consumptions.

Basic Mechanics of the Metal-Cutting Process

1944 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. A168-A175 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Eugene Merchant
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Orthogonal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Machining Operations ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Metal Work

Abstract The author presents a mathematical analysis of the geometry and mechanics of the metal-cutting process, covering two common types of geometry which occur in cutting. This analysis offers a key for the study of engineering problems in the field of metal cutting in terms of such fundamental quantities as strain, rate of shear, friction between chip and tool, shear strength of the metal, work done in shearing the metal and in overcoming friction, etc. The two cases covered are, in essence, that of a straight-edged cutting tool moving relative to the work-piece in a direction perpendicular to its cutting edge, termed “orthogonal cutting,” and that of a similar cutting tool so set that the cutting edge is oblique to the direction of relative motion of tool and work, termed “oblique cutting.” Equations are developed which permit the calculation of such quantities as those just enumerated from readily observable values. The theoretical findings are particularly applicable and significant in the case of present-day high-speed machining operations with sintered-carbide tools.

Cutting Force and Friction Modelling in High Speed End-Milling

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunday J. Ojolo ◽  
Olumuwiya Agunsoye ◽  
Oluwole Adesina ◽  
Gbeminiyi M. Sobamowo
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
End Milling ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Work Piece

Temperature field in metal cutting process is one of the most important phenomena in machining process. Temperature rise in machining directly or indirectly determines other cutting parameters such as tool life, tool wear, thermal deformation, surface quality and mechanics of chip formation. The variation in temperature of a cutting tool in end milling is more complicated than any other machining operation especially in high speed machining. It is therefore very important to investigate the temperature distribution on the cutting tool–work piece interface in end milling operation. The determination of the temperature field is carried out by the analysis of heat transfer in metal cutting zone. Most studies previously carried out on the temperature distribution model analysis were based on analytical model and with the used of conventional machining that is continuous cutting in nature. The limitations discovered in the models and validated experiments include the oversimplified assumptions which affect the accuracy of the models. In metal cutting process, thermo-mechanical coupling is required and to carry out any temperature field determination successfully, there is need to address the issue of various forces acting during cutting and the frictional effect on the tool-work piece interface. Most previous studies on the temperature field either neglected the effect of friction or assumed it to be constant. The friction model at the tool-work interface and tool-chip interface in metal cutting play a vital role in influencing the modelling process and the accuracy of predicted cutting forces, stress, and temperature distribution. In this work, mechanistic model was adopted to establish the cutting forces and also a new coefficient of friction was also established. This can be used to simulate the cutting process in order to enhance the machining quality especially surface finish and monitor the wear of tool.

scholarly journals Dispositivos De Interrupcion Subia (Dis) Para El Analisis De Raices Viruta

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Alejandro Neira Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
Machined Parts ◽  
Interaction Phenomena

El estudio de las variables y efectos derivados del mecanizado provee herramientas de conocimiento tendientes a optimizar el uso de las herramientas y los procedimientos de maquinado industrial. Este artículo de reflexión aborda el uso de los dispositivos de interrupción súbita (DIS) como herramientas de obtención de raíces de viruta para la investigación científica del mecanizado industrial, y para el estudio de los efectos derivados de la interacción entre las herramientas de corte y el material de trabajo, en función de los cambios microestructurales del material de trabajo, dependientes de la temperatura producida y los esfuerzos mecánicos de la herramienta de corte durante el mecanizado. Mediante la reflexión se destaca la importancia de los DIS como instrumentos de investigación científica en la manufactura, ya que estos permiten obtener muestras de viruta para estudiar las variables incidentes en el maquinado y a partir de esta evidencia, proponer alternativas para optimizar la fabricación de piezas y la integridad de las herramientas empleadas en el proceso.AbstractThe study of the variables and effects derived from the machining processes brings the knowledge needed to optimize the use of machining tools and procedures. This article is an opinion piece about the use of quick stop devices (QSD) as a scientific research instrument in machining projects to obtain chip roots, to study the interaction phenomena between cutting tool and work piece material that depends on temperature and the mechanical forces produced by the cutting tool during the cutting process. This article deals about how important the QSD are as a research instruments in manufacture because with this instruments it is possible to analyze the machining variables, based on the evidences bring by the chip roots obtained with the instrument. It is possible to propose optimization alternatives in the manufacture of machined parts and the integrity of cutting tools.

Matrix Representation and Prediction of Three-Dimensional Cutting Forces

1977 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 828-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kirk ◽  
D. K. Anand ◽  
C. McKindra
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Matrix Representation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
The Matrix

Matrix geometry techniques are applied to predicting three-dimensional cutting forces. In the present model a specific cutting plane is located and two-dimensional metal cutting theory is applied. Force predictions in this plane are then matrix transformed to three orthogonal forces acting on the cutting tool. Experimental results show the matrix model accurately predicts three-dimensional cutting forces in turning of long slender workpieces. Experimental results are also compared to other analytical models described in the literature.

Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Machining Characteristics of Austenitic Stainless Steels without Lead Addition

2013 ◽  
Vol 377 ◽  
pp. 128-132
Author(s):  
Zhuang Li ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Wei Lv ◽  
Shao Pu Kang ◽  
Zhen Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Machining Characteristics ◽  
Lead Addition ◽  
Cutting Speeds ◽  
Better Than

Rare earth elements (REE) are harmless for human health. REE addition contributes to the improvement of the machinability of the steels. In the present paper, machining characteristics of austenitic stainless steels without lead addition were investigated by adding free-machining elements, such as sulfur, REE and bismuth. The results have shown that large numbers of rounded, globular shaped inclusions were obtained for both steels. The machinability of steel B is better than that of steel A, and the cutting forces of steel B are lower than those of steel A at various cutting speeds. Lead can be substituted by REE and bismuth in free machinable austenitic stainless steels. REE significantly affects machining characteristics of austenitic stainless steels without lead addition. The mechanical properties of both steels were similar, and their fracture exhibited ductile characteristics. Satisfactory machinability and mechanical properties can be obtained for both steels.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Parameter Pemesinan terhadap Kualitas Hasil Potong Mesin Bubut Maximat V13 pada Benda Kerja Poros PVC

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Kasijanto Kasijanto ◽  
Sadar Wahjudi ◽  
Listiyono Listiyono ◽  
Muhammad Fakhruddin
Keyword(s):  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Cutting Surface ◽  
Spindle Rotation ◽  
Feeding Speed ◽  
Tool Types

Metal cutting process (cutting process) is to cut metal to get the shape and size and quality of the planned cutting surface. The metal cutting process is carried out with special tools, according to the type of cutting process. So the tools for one process cannot be used in another process, even for similar processes, the tools cannot be exchanged if the cutting plans are not the same. Lathe process is a machining process to produce cylindrical machine parts which are carried out using a Lathe. Its basic form can be defined as the machining process of the outer surface of cylindrical or flat lathe objects. Polyvinyl Chloride, commonly abbreviated as PVC, is the third-order thermoplastic polymer in terms of total usage in the world, after Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP). Worldwide, more than 50% of PVC produced is used in construction. PVC is produced by polymerizing vinyl chloride monomers (CH2 = CHCl). Because 57% of its mass is chlorine, PVC is the polymer that uses the lowest petroleum feedstock among other polymers. This research follows up the selection of configuration of the lathe machining process using plastic work pieces. In this study, Maximat V13 lathe and PVC type plastic were used. The variation of machining processes are spindle rotation (320, 540, and 900 rpm), feeding speed (0.07, 0.14, and 0.28), the use of tool types (carbide and HSS) and cooling (without cooling, coolant, and oil). So, with this research, it is expected that the optimal parameters in determining the configuration of the lathe machining process on a PVC work piece to produce a good turning surface can be achieved  

Self-Excited Vibrations in Metal Cutting

1959 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan H. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Process

The basic mechanisms which cause self-excited vibrations of a cutting tool relative to the work are discussed in a qualitative manner. Similarly, mechanisms inherent in the cutting process which can damp or limit vibrations are discussed. Experiments are presented which are in agreement with the theory.

Increase of Firmness of the Metall-Cutting Tool on the Basis of Removal of Internal Tension in Replaceable Cutting Insert

2014 ◽  
Vol 682 ◽  
pp. 510-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Chuykov ◽  
A.A. Mokhovikov ◽  
S.S. Chuykov
Keyword(s):  
Hard Alloy ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Special Design ◽  
Preliminary Heating ◽  
Cutting Insert ◽  
Metal Cutting Tool

Results of research of types of the destruction caused by existence of internal tension in a tool firm alloy at production of the replaceable many-sided plates (RMSP) which can be removed by preliminary heating of cutting plates prior to cutting process are given in work. The new technical solution on realization of a method of preliminary heating of SMP is developed for removal of internal tension in the tool firm alloys (TFA), and also the special design of the metal-cutting tool is developed for increase of operability of hard-alloy SMP with preliminary heating.

The Effect of the Cutting Parameters on the Machined Surface Roughness

2017 ◽  
Vol 260 ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktors Gutakovskis ◽  
Eriks Gerins ◽  
Janis Rudzitis ◽  
Artis Kromanis
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Cutting Parameters ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Tool Geometry ◽  
Machining Parameters ◽  
Machined Surface ◽  
Machined Surface Roughness

From the invention of turning machine or lathe, some engineers are trying to increase the turning productivity. The increase of productivity is following after the breakout in instrumental area, such as the hard alloy instrument and resistance to wear cutting surfaces. The potential of cutting speed has a certain limit. New steel marks and cutting surfaces types allow significantly increase cutting and turning speeds. For the most operation types the productivity increase begins from the feeding increase. But the increase of feeding goes together with machined surface result decreasement. Metal cutting with high feeding is one of the most actual problems in the increasing of manufacturing volume but there are some problems one of them is the cutting forces increasement and larger metal removal rate, which decrease the cutting tool life significantly. Increasing of manufacturing volume, going together with the cutting instrument technology and material evolution, such as the invention of the carbide cutting materials and wear resistant coatings such as TiC and Ti(C,N). Each of these coating have its own properties and functions in the metal cutting process. Together with this evolution the cutting tool geometry and machining parameters dependencies are researched. Traditionally for the decreasing the machining time of one part, the cutting parameters were increased, decreasing by this way the machining operation quantity. In our days the wear resistance of the cutting tools increasing and it is mostly used one or two machining operations (medium and fine finishing). The purpose of the topic is to represent the experimental results of the stainless steel turning process, using increased cutting speeds and feeding values, to develop advanced processing technology, using new modern coated cutting tools by CVD and PVD methods. After investigation of the machined surface roughness results, develop the mathematical model of the cutting process using higher values of the cutting parameters.

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