Computerized Determination and Analysis of Cost and Production Rates for Machining Operations. Part 1—Turning

1968 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Field ◽  
N. Zlatin ◽  
R. Williams ◽  
M. Kronenberg
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
Mathematical Expression ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Maximum Production Rate ◽  
The Cost

Two of the most important factors in any machining operation are the cost per piece and the production rate. Equations have been developed which enable one to calculate these two factors for a given machining operation on a given part and machine tool. Generalized equations for cost and production rate are presented for turning, milling, drilling, reaming, and tapping. The items which make up the cost and production rate can be readily evaluated in each of the equations. The generalized cost per piece and production-rate equations for turning are then expanded to cover brazed and throwaway carbide tools and solid HSS tools. In order to use these equations, it is necessary to have available pertinent tool-life data for each of the tools under the actual machining conditions. Typical tool-life data have been generated and are shown here for a variety of alloys. All of the aforementioned equations have been programmed on a computer so that the cost and production rates can be readily calculated for specific parts, operations, and machine-tool combinations. The computer will print out not only the cost and production rate but also a detailed cost breakdown. A visual examination of each of the cost and production-rate factors makes possible a rapid analysis of the significance of each of the items making up the total cost and production rates. In addition, the cost and production-rate equations for turning have also been optimized. Thus calculations can be made to determine the minimum cost per piece and the maximum production rate for the cases where a mathematical expression, such as the Taylor equation, can be applied relating tool life and cutting speeds. Any projection beyond experimental data would have to be verified to serve as a guide for shop use.

Economics of Multitool Lathe Operations

1963 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Spindle Speed ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Maximum Production Rate

The formulas for calculation of tool life for maximum production rate and tool life for minimum cost are expanded to include multitool operations and cases in which the total cycle time controlled by the spindle speed is greater than the cutting time. A modification is made to avoid use of conventional overhead rates, which are shown to be invalid in this instance.

Finding Minimum Cost Tool Grouping Schemes on Machining Systems

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Yip-Hoi ◽  
Debasish Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Machining Center ◽  
Grouping Strategy ◽  
Cost Strategy ◽  
Grouping Strategies ◽  
Machining System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Components

Abstract Changing worn tools is a major concern in planning operations on machining systems. Strategies for replacing tools range from changing each tool as it reaches its projected tool life, to changing all tools when the tool with the shortest life on the machining system is expended. Intermediate strategies involve changing tools in groups. Each of these strategies has two cost components associated with it: (1) the cost of lost production due to machine tool stoppage, and (2) the cost of unused tool life. The best tool grouping strategy minimizes the combined cost of lost production. In this paper we present an approach for finding good tool grouping strategies from inputs that include the tool utilization for a given machining application, and the tooling and machining system costs. A genetic algorithm is used as the underlying optimization paradigm for finding the minimum cost strategy. An example is presented for a part produced on a machining center.

Improved Model to Determine the Tool Life and the Cutting Speed for Minimum Cost at Drilling the Steel 10TiMoNiCr175

2013 ◽  
Vol 837 ◽  
pp. 234-238
Author(s):  
Aurelian Vlase ◽  
Ovidiu Blăjină ◽  
Vlad Darie
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Manufacturing Activity ◽  
Nonlinear Programming Model ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Accuracy Of Prediction

In the specialized literature the cost of the machining process has been analyzed using a number of approaches and varying degrees of simplification to determine the optimum tool life and the tool speed. The accuracy of prediction is dependent on the degree of sophistication of the model. The purpose of this paper is the optimization of the cutting tool life and the cutting speed at the drilling of the stainless steels in terms of the minimum machining cost. A more comprehensive nonlinear programming model to minimize the total cost at the drilling of a stainless steel is developed in this paper. The optimum tool life and the associated tool speed are obtained by solving this model. The results can be taken into consideration in the educational studies and in the theoretical technical research. They can be implemented in the manufacturing activity.

Optimization of Abrasive Life in Ultrasonic Machining

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Dharmadhikari ◽  
C. S. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Ultrasonic Machining ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Profit Rate ◽  
Rate Functions ◽  
Sensitivity Studies ◽  
Maximum Production Rate

Based on two models of material removal in ultrasonic machining, developed in an earlier work, conditions for optimum abrasive life for the objective functions of minimum cost per unit volume of material removed, maximum production rate and maximum profit rate are presented. A simple nomogram is designed for the determination of optimum abrasive life. Sensitivity studies of production rate and profit rate functions are presented. An illustrative example highlights the application of the analysis.

Modern Cutting Tools and Machine Tool Design

1948 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 336-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Eatough
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Machine Design ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cutting Speeds

The object of tool research is to reduce the cost of production. The paper describes how the cost of production is determined to a great extent by the rate of feed; and high cutting speeds have been developed in order to give high rates of feed. The changes in machine design which have been brought about by the introduction of carbide tools are discussed, and also the limitations of the tools are mentioned. One of the limitations is the necessity for cutting at high speeds, and this has brought to light many machine design problems in view of the necessity of providing not only for high speeds but for wide speed ranges, as carbide tools cannot be used at present for low-speed tools such as threading dies. Tool life is largely determined by cratering and the rate of crater growth is dealt with at varying speeds and feeds. Reasons are given for the effectiveness of the grooved type of turning tool which encourages the formation of corkscrew type chips.

Computerized Determination and Analysis of Cost and Production Rates for Machining Operations: Part 2—Milling, Drilling, Reaming, and Tapping

1969 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Field ◽  
N. Zlatin ◽  
R. Williams ◽  
M. Kronenberg
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Optimum Cutting ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Machining Operations ◽  
Cutting Speeds ◽  
Minimum Costs

In Part 1 of this two-part paper, generalized equations for cost and production were presented for five major types of machining operations: turning, milling, drilling, reaming, and tapping. In addition, detailed cost equations were presented for the turning operation for three types of lathe tools: brazed carbide tools, throwaway tools, and solid high-speed steel tools. The present paper, Part 2, presents the detailed cost and production analysis for the remaining machining operations: milling, drilling, reaming, and tapping. Individual equations are developed within each machining category for the major types of cutters and tools involved in the operation. Examples are presented illustrating the use of these equations on specific problems. In addition, equations are developed for calculating the optimum cutting speeds and tool life corresponding to minimum costs and maximum production rates assuming that the tool life-cutting speed follows the simplified Taylor equation. The optimized equations enable one to interpolate and extrapolate the cost and production determinations. Care must be exercised to check experimentally the interpolated or extrapolated values to verify the results from the calculations.

Maximum Profit as the Criterion in the Determination of the Optimum Cutting Conditions

1966 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Wu ◽  
D. S. Ermer
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Maximum Profit ◽  
Optimum Speed ◽  
Optimum Cutting ◽  
Maximum Production Rate ◽  
Selection Of

Maximum profit is an appropriate criterion for the selection of the optimum machining conditions rather than the conventional criteria of minimum cost or maximum production rate. A simple example is presented to illustrate the determination of the maximum-profit cutting speed by application of a fundamental economic principle that maximum profit occurs at the production rate where the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost. The effects of the demand function, feed, and cost and time parameters on the determination of the maximum-profit cutting speed are analyzed. Emphasis is given to the investigation of a range of optimum cutting speeds, instead of the theoretical optimum speed, for practical applications.

Finding Minimum Cost Tool Grouping Schemes on Machining Systems

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Yip-Hoi ◽  
Debasish Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Machining Center ◽  
Grouping Strategy ◽  
Cost Strategy ◽  
Grouping Strategies ◽  
Machining System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Components

Changing worn tools is a major concern in planning operations on machining systems. Strategies for replacing tools range from changing each tool as it reaches its projected tool life, to changing all tools when the tool with the shortest life on the machining system is expended. Intermediate strategies involve changing tools in groups. Each of these strategies has two cost components associated with it: (1) the cost of lost production due to machine tool stoppage, and (2) the cost of unused tool life. The best tool grouping strategy minimizes the combined cost of lost production. In this paper we present an approach for finding good tool grouping strategies from inputs that include the tool utilization for a given machining application, and the tooling and machining system costs. A genetic algorithm is used as the underlying optimization paradigm for finding the minimum cost strategy. An example is presented for a part produced on a machining center. [S1087-1357(00)00303-8]

The Effect of Experimental Error on the Determination of the Optimum Metal-Cutting Conditions

1967 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Ermer ◽  
S. M. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Minimax Principle ◽  
Life Testing ◽  
Cost Cutting ◽  
The Cost

The effect of experimental error in tool life testing on the determination of the minimum cost cutting speed (Vmin) is investigated by using the concept of statistical inference. It is shown that Vmin is not uniquely defined but lies within a probable interval of cutting speeds, and that this interval is affected by the cost and time parameters and the experimental range of feed in tool life testing. The selection of a specific speed from the Vmin confidence interval is illustrated by a decision rule based on the minimax principle.

A generalized fuzzy cost efficiency model

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775-1791
Author(s):  
Nazila Aghayi ◽  
Samira Salehpour
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Fuzzy Environment ◽  
Decision Making Unit ◽  
Production Possibility Set ◽  
Fuzzy Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Generalized Cost

The concept of cost efficiency has become tremendously popular in data envelopment analysis (DEA) as it serves to assess a decision-making unit (DMU) in terms of producing minimum-cost outputs. A large variety of precise and imprecise models have been put forward to measure cost efficiency for the DMUs which have a role in constructing the production possibility set; yet, there’s not an extensive literature on the cost efficiency (CE) measurement for sample DMUs (SDMUs). In an effort to remedy the shortcomings of current models, herein is introduced a generalized cost efficiency model that is capable of operating in a fuzzy environment-involving different types of fuzzy numbers-while preserving the Farrell’s decomposition of cost efficiency. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, the present paper is the first to measure cost efficiency by using vectors. Ultimately, a useful example is provided to confirm the applicability of the proposed methods.

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