Infrared Mean Absorption Coefficients of Luminous Flames and Smoke

1978 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Hubbard ◽  
C. L. Tien
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Carbon Soot ◽  
The Mean

A simple procedure has been developed for the calculation of the Planck mean emission and absorption coefficients and the Rosseland mean absorption coefficient for infrared radiation of the soot-gas mixtures commonly occurring in luminous flames and smoke. Specific results are presented for mixtures involving carbon dioxide, water vapor and carbon soot, the dominant species in most combustion systems. The close agreement between the various averages clearly demonstrates the usefulness of the mean absorption coefficient concept for applications.

Appropriate Mean Absorption Coefficients for Infrared Radiation of Gases

1967 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Abu-Romia ◽  
C. L. Tien
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Radiative Heat ◽  
Radiative Heat Flux ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Planar Medium

In this paper, a study is made on the calculation of appropriate mean absorption coefficients for the infrared radiation of gases. The Planck and Rosseland mean absorption coefficients for the optically thin and optically thick gases are expressed as functions of the spectroscopic and thermodynamic properties of the gas. Values of the Planck and Rosseland mean absorption coefficients are presented for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor in the temperature range from 1000 to 5000 deg Rankine. To illustrate the application of these results, the radiative heat flux is calculated for the simple case of a planar medium.

scholarly journals Calculation of infrared heating burners of a micronizer using biomethane

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
V. A. Afanasyev ◽  
A. N. Ostrikov ◽  
I. S. Bogomolov ◽  
D. A. Nesterov ◽  
P. V. Filiptsov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Control System ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Infrared Heating ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Radiation Burners

Studies have been carried out on the purification of biogas from sulfur compounds, carbon dioxide and water vapor for subsequent use in micronizer burners. The possibility of bringing it to the parameters of natural gas of the following composition: methane (CH4) – 85 % vol., carbon dioxide СО2 – 11 % vol., water vapor – 9 mg/m3, hydrogen sulfide H2S - 20 mg/m3 with minimal energy costs for its preparation is demonstrated. The basic relationships are obtained for assessing the design and technological parameters of the infrared radiation burners operation. Experimental studies of the flame stability limits on perforated ceramic nozzles have shown that flashback through them is possible when the thermal power is increased to a certain critical value. In this case, the thermal power depends on the type of gas and the air content in the combustible mixture. The heat balance equations have been derived to optimize the designs and operation modes of infrared radiation burners. The design of 40 gas burners was improved by changing the geometric dimensions and shape for a uniform distribution of biogas supplied and sustainable combustion over the entire area of the burner. It was established that the temperature of the heating surface of the GIK-8 burner on gas mixtures with a CO2 content of 18-34 % is 900-950 ° C, which does not differ from the nominal temperature when operating on natural gas. The infrared heating system was modernized, adapted for burning purified biogas with methane content up to 98 %, in particular, the biomethane feed and control system, the additional biogas input system, and the automatic burner control system were improved.

scholarly journals A New Tonometric Method for the Determination of Dissolved Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Small Samples

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-190
Author(s):  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Present Method ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Winkler Method ◽  
The Mean

1. A microtonometric method is described whereby tensions of carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen can be determined in fluid samples of 0.3 ml. volume or less, each determination taking 20-25 min. 2. Replicate determinations of the tensions of carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen give maximum coefficients of variability of 3.0, 2.2 and 1.2%, respectively. 3. A comparison of the present method with a micro-Winkler method for the determination of dissolved oxygen shows a close agreement; the mean percentage difference being 3.0.

A Simple Method for the Evaluation of Internal Doses in Nuclear Medicine

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 193-206
Author(s):  
L. Conte ◽  
L. Mombelli ◽  
A. Vanoli
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Rapid Estimation ◽  
Absorbed Doses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Estimation Of Risk

SummaryWe have put forward a method to be used in the field of nuclear medicine, for calculating internally absorbed doses in patients. The simplicity and flexibility of this method allow one to make a rapid estimation of risk both to the individual and to the population. In order to calculate the absorbed doses we based our procedure on the concept of the mean absorbed fraction, taking into account anatomical and functional variability which is highly important in the calculation of internal doses in children. With this aim in mind we prepared tables which take into consideration anatomical differences and which permit the calculation of the mean absorbed doses in the whole body, in the organs accumulating radioactivity, in the gonads and in the marrow; all this for those radionuclides most widely used in nuclear medicine. By comparing our results with dose obtained from the use of M.I.R.D.'s method it can be seen that when the errors inherent in these types of calculation are taken into account, the results of both methods are in close agreement.

scholarly journals The volume coefficients of expansion of several gases at pressures below one metre

1934 ◽  
Vol 143 (850) ◽  
pp. 487-505 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Linear Extrapolation ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Volume Coefficient ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Permanent Gases ◽  
Limiting Value

There have not appeared recently any new determinations of the rate of change of the volume coefficient of expansion of condensable gases at pressures in the neighbourhood of a half to one metre. The work of Henning and Heuse and Heuse and Otto has been confined to a study of the permanent gases, their results leading to the conclusion that up to a pressure of 1 metre the rate of change of either the pressure or volume coefficient is a linear function of the pressure. Our knowledge of the behaviour of the condensable gases in this connection rests almost entirely on the very careful work of Chappuis, who in 1907 made a series of accurate determinations of the volume coefficient of expansion of carbon dioxide at a series of pressures from 1500 mm. to 500 mm. and over several temperature ranges. The investigation led to one unexpected conclusion which Chappuis left largely unexplained. On linear extrapolation to zero pressure of the graph of pressure against the mean coefficient of expansion over temperature intervals 0-20º, 0-40º, 0-100ºC., the limiting value of the coefficient rose from the normal value of 0.003661 for the 0-20º determinations to 0.003671 for those made over the range 0-100ºC. Chappuis concludes "that condensation on the reservoir surface plays a part in the irregularities but it is difficult to obtain a satisfactory explanation." As far back as 1853 Magnus demonstrated that the adsorption of sukphur dioxide on glass was sufficient to affect measurements of the expansion coefficient of gasses, and the importance of this error was recognized by Chappuis who in 1879 applied a correction to Regnault's measurements. Richards and Mark and Baly and Ramsay have pointed out the necessity for a knowledge of the amount of adsorption on the walls of the containing vessels when undertaking such determinations.

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