Strengthening Mechanisms in High-Speed Steel as Related to Tool-Life

1979 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Henderer
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Precipitation Strengthening ◽  
Strengthening Mechanisms ◽  
Precipitation Sequence ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Life Tests ◽  
Secondary Hardness

Tool-life tests are reported which show that the performance of AISI M1 high speed steel taps responds to the tempering temperature in the same manner as the yield strength. The metallurgical transformations which occur during tempering are described in detail with specific attention given to the precipitation reactions which occur over the temperature range of peak secondary hardness. The variation in yield strength is found to be consistent with a coherent-incoherent precipitation sequence of alloy carbides during tempering. An estimate of the yield strength is made based on dislocation theories of martensitic and precipitation strengthening.

Relationship Between Alloy Composition and Tool-Life of High-Speed Steel Twist Drills

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Henderer
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Alloy Composition ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Vanadium Content ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Life Tests ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Twist Drills ◽  
The Relationship

Tool-life tests are reported which show the relationship between the alloy composition of high-speed steel twist drills and performance. Tool-life is shown to depend primarily on the composition of the matrix consisting of tempered martensite and precipitated secondary carbides. The longest tool-life was obtained from alloys with high vanadium content and low tungsten or molybdenum content. This observation is consistent with the dispersion characteristics of vanadium carbide which precipitate during tempering.

Study of the Distribution of the Life of HSS Tools

1971 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 1044-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Wager ◽  
M. M. Barash
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Life Tests ◽  
Life Predictions

Numerous life tests carried out with high speed steel tools in machining low carbon steel indicate that tool life values are subject to a statistical distribution which can be approximated by the normal distribution with a coefficient of variation of about 0.3. Accelerated and normal tests show similar distribution patterns, which indicates a possibility for a wider use of accelerated tests. The conventionally accepted concepts of tool life “constant” and “exponent” should be considered only as representing statistical mean values which are not sufficient for the prediction of the life of any individual tool put to work. It is recommended that tool life predictions be made on a probabilistic basis, and the desired direction of further studies is indicated.

Secondary Hardening of an AISI M3:2 High Speed Steel Sinter 23 Hot Isostatic Pressed

2017 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 361-365
Author(s):  
Oscar Olimpio de Araújo Filho ◽  
Cezar Henrique Gonzalez ◽  
Severino Leopoldino Urtiga Filho ◽  
C.A.N. Oliveira ◽  
Noelle D’emery Gomes Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Hot Isostatic Pressing ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Secondary Hardening ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Hardness Tests ◽  
Powder Metallurgy Process ◽  
Secondary Hardness ◽  
Metallurgy Process

The main aim of this work was to study the behavior of the secondary hardening of AISI M3:2 high speed steel named Sinter 23® produced by powder metallurgy process of hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The M3:2 high speed steel Sinter 23® was submitted to heat treatment of hardening with austenitizing temperatures of 1140 oC, 1160 oC, 1180 oC and 1200 oC and tempering at 540 oC, 560 oC and finally 580 oC. The effectiveness and response of the heat treatment was determined using hardness tests (Vickers and Rockwell C hardness) and had its property of secondary hardness evaluated. The results showed that the secondary hardening peak of Sinter 23® high speed steel (tempering temperature at which maximum hardness is attained) is at 540 °C for the lower austenitization temperatures of 1140 °C and 1160 °C, and it is at 560 °C for the higher austenitizing/quenching temperatures of 1180 °C and 1200°C.

Influence of the choice of wear criterion on the life of high speed machine manual taps

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
A.E. Dreval
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Structural Steel ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Parameter Dependence ◽  
Limiting State ◽  
Thread Cutting ◽  
Failure Life ◽  
High Speed Machine

The assessment of the limiting state of high-speed machine-manual taps in the processing of structural steel billets is considered. A general multi-parameter dependence is developed for calculating the criterion of allowable wear, which makes it possible to rationally use the tool life and normalize the cut amount during regrinding. Keywords thread cutting, tap, angle of the cutting part, criterion, high-speed steel, wear, failure, life, service life. [email protected]

Estimation of the Heat Stability of Hardened Cr-V Cast Irons

2016 ◽  
Vol 870 ◽  
pp. 558-563
Author(s):  
Yu.D. Koryagin ◽  
V.L. Il'ichev
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Heat Stability ◽  
Maximum Hardness ◽  
Cast Irons ◽  
Wear Resistant ◽  
Secondary Hardness ◽  
Double Tempering ◽  
Structure Properties

The paper describes the structure, properties and heat stability of white cast irons containing 2.5 – 3.0 %C, 14 and 20 %Cr, 3 %V after the secondary hardness treatment (quenching from 1150 °C and double tempering at 560 °C). It is shown that after the secondary hardness treatment M23C6 carbides appear along with the M7C3 phase. Heat stability of the alloys is estimated according to GOST 19265-73 standard. The effect of the temperature and duration of holding at 520–620 °C on structural changes and softening of secondary hardness treated cast irons is considered in comparison with high-speed steel and cast irons of the same composition quenched for the maximum hardness (from 1050 °C). The processes occurring at higher temperatures and long holdings that are responsible for softening of secondary hardness treated cast irons are studied. It is shown that the alloys under consideration after the secondary hardness treatment achieve the hardness of HRC 60 and more, and are able of pertaining it when heated up to 540 °C for 20 hours. This allows using these alloys as wear-resistant materials in the said temperature range.

scholarly journals Microstructure Characteristics and Strengthening Behavior of Cu-Bearing Non-Oriented Silicon Steel: Conventional Process versus Strip Casting

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1815
Author(s):  
Feng Fang ◽  
Diwen Hou ◽  
Zhilei Wang ◽  
Shangfeng Che ◽  
Yuanxiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Silicon Steel ◽  
Strip Casting ◽  
Precipitation Strengthening ◽  
Conventional Process ◽  
Core Losses ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Bcc Structure

Based on conventional hot rolling processes and strip casting processes, Cu precipitation strengthening is used to improve the strength of non-oriented silicon steel in order to meet the requirements of high-speed driving motors of electric vehicles. Microstructure evolution was studied, and the effects of Cu precipitates on magnetic and mechanical properties are discussed. Compared with conventional processes, non-oriented silicon steel prepared by strip casting exhibited advantages with regard to microstructure optimization with coarse grain and {100} texture. Two-stage rolling processes were more beneficial for uniform microstructure, coarse grains and improved texture. The high magnetic induction B50 of 1.762 T and low core losses with P1.5/50, P1.0/400 and P1.0/1000 of 1.93, 11.63 and 44.87 W/kg, respectively, were obtained in 0.20 mm sheets in strip casting. Cu precipitates significantly improved yield strength over ~120 MPa without deteriorating magnetic properties both in conventional process and strip casting. In the peak stage aged at 550 °C for 120 min, Cu precipitates retained bcc structure and were coherent with the matrix, and the yield strength of the 0.20 mm sheet was as high as 501 MPa in strip casting. The main mechanism of precipitation strengthening was attributed to coherency strengthening and modulus strengthening. The results indicated that balanced magnetic and mechanical properties can be achieved in thin-gauge non-oriented silicon steel with Cu addition in strip casting.

scholarly journals Tribological properties of ion-modified composite coatings

2021 ◽  
Vol 2059 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
M Sh Migranov ◽  
A M Migranov ◽  
S R Shekhtman
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Composite Coatings ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Ion Nitriding ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Nitrided Surface

Abstract The paper presents the results of a study of one of the ways to increase the wear resistance of “duplex” coatings applied to cutting tools, which are due to preliminary diffusion saturation of the tool surface with nitrogen (known as ion nitriding) followed by physical deposition of a hard coating (Ti, Cr) N. The proposed coating also contains an additional layer with an impurity of ions, deposited on a preliminary nitrided surface of high speed steel before the deposition of a hard coating. Tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of these modified layers on the tool life of the HSS tool. The greatest wear resistance after "triplex" - treatment was achieved during ion implantation of titanium into a pre-nitrided surface. The coefficient of friction of the modified layer was studied at different contact temperatures. Ionic mixing contributes to the appearance of a thin surface layer with an amorphous-like structure, which prolongs the stage of normal wear, which significantly increases the tool life as a result of the self-organization process.

Performance of a Matrix Type High Speed Steel after Deep Cryogenic and Low Tempering Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 1423-1429
Author(s):  
Kaweewat Worasaen ◽  
Andreas Stark ◽  
Karuna Tuchinda ◽  
Piyada Suwanpinij
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cryogenic Treatment ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Deep Cryogenic Treatment ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Matrix Type ◽  
Bcc Structure

A matrix type high speed steel YXR3 designed for a combination of wear resistance and toughness is investigated for its mechanical properties after hardening by deep cryogenic treatment follow by tempering. The deep cryogenic quenching carried out at -200 °C for 36 hours and the single step tempering results in an obvious improvement in wear resistance while balancing the toughness, comparing with the conventional quenching followed by a double tempering treatment. The quantitative image analysis reveals little difference in the MC carbide size distribution between tempering at different temperatures. The synchrotron high energy XRD confirms the MC type carbide with some evolution in its orientation together with tempered martensite approaching the BCC structure at higher temperatures. In contrary to the conventional quenching and tempering, the lowest tempering temperature at 200 °C yields a moderate drop in hardness with increase in surface toughness proportionally while exhibiting exceptional wear resistance. Such thermal cycle can be recommended for the industry both for the practicality and improved tool life.

scholarly journals Threading Performance of Different Coatings for High Speed Steel Tapping

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Alain Gil Del Val ◽  
Fernando Veiga ◽  
Octavio Pereira ◽  
Luis Norberto Lopez De Lacalle
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Tialn Coating ◽  
Tool Performance ◽  
Thread Profile ◽  
Increase Tool Life

Threading holes using tapping tools is a widely used machining operation in the industry. This manufacturing process involves a great tool immersion in the part, which involves both friction and cutting. This makes the use of coatings critical to improving tool life. Four coatings are used based on Physical vapor deposition (PVD) technology—TiN, TiCN, TiAlN and TiAlN+WC/C are compared to uncoated tool performance. The effect of various coatings on the life of M12 × 1.5 tapping tools during threading of through holes 20 mm deep, in GG25 casting plates, dry and applying cutting speed of 50 m/min. The end-of-life criterion has been established based on a cutting torque of 16 N-m. Taking the uncoated tap as a basis for comparison, it is observed that coatings based on PVD technologies increase tool life doubling in the most advantageous case with the TiAlN coating. PVD type coatings provide better protection to wear at cylindrical area of the tool, where the thread profile is finished, than uncoated taps. The teeth located in the cone-cylinder transition zone of the taps suffer the most wear regardless of the coating. However, taps coated with TiAlN+WC/C wear level values is lowest of all the coatings tested, which indicates a strong reinforcement in these teeth.

scholarly journals Influence of Martensite Deformation on Cu Precipitation Strengthening

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Jaromir Dlouhy ◽  
Pavel Podany ◽  
Ján Džugan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Precipitation Hardening ◽  
Precipitation Strengthening ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Quenching And Tempering

Cu precipitation strengthening was compared in steels after treatments with and without cold rolling. A 0.2% C steel containing up to 1.5% Cu was quenched and tempered. Cu precipitation took place during tempering and increased its yield strength (YS). Quenched and tempered samples were compared with samples where cold rolling was performed between quenching and tempering. They exhibited significantly different mechanical properties. In addition, Cu alloying influenced the properties of each group of samples in different ways. The quenched and tempered samples exhibited behavior that is typical of precipitation hardening. Cu caused yield strength to increase with tempering temperature and time. The cold rolling of martensite reduced the maximal Cu-related strengthening and also eliminated its time and temperature dependence.

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