Exhaust Emissions of Selected Railroad Diesel Locomotives

1975 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 1136-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Bryant ◽  
T. A. Tennyson
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Engine Design ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbons ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel

Measurements were taken of the composition of exhaust gases from railroad diesel locomotives operating in normal service at various stages of their respective maintenance cycles. A major objective was to determine how the exhaust quality of these engines related to emission standards for heavy-duty diesel powered highway vehicles. Results varied from unit to unit, but generally indicated that improvements would be necessary if such regulations were applied to railroad diesels. Another primary objective was to develop basic information on concentrations of important exhaust constituents and to determine whether existing analytical techniques and instrumentation were sufficiently developed to provide reliable and reproducible data on the composition of diesel engine exhaust and the quality of visible emissions. Results indicate that specific concentration of exhaust constituents are a function of engine design and the physical condition of the engine. Furthermore, currently available analytical equipment can be used with confidence for measuring carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and unburned hydrocarbons in samples taken from the exhaust of diesel locomotives. Techniques and methodology were tested to the extent that reproducible results were obtained for the preceding constituents.

scholarly journals Investigation of Urea Uniformity with Different Types of Urea Injectors in an SCR System

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1269
Author(s):  
Muhammad Khristamto Aditya Wardana ◽  
Kwangchul Oh ◽  
Ocktaeck Lim
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Ammonia Gas ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel Engine ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Scr System

Heavy-duty diesel engines in highway use account for more than 40% of total particulate and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions around the world. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a method with effective results to reduce this problem. This research deals with problems in the urea evaporation process and ammonia gas distribution in an SCR system. The studied system used two types of urea injectors to elucidate the quality of ammonia uniformity in the SCR system, and a 12,000-cc heavy-duty diesel engine was used for experimentation to reduce NOx in the system. The uniformity of the generated quantities of ammonia was sampled at the catalyst inlet using a gas sensor. The ammonia samples from the two types of urea injectors were compared in experimental and simulation results, where the simulation conditions were based on experimental parameters and were performed using the commercial CFD (computational fluid dynamics) code of STAR-CCM+. This study produces temperatures of 371 to 374 °C to assist the vaporization phenomena of two injectors, the gas pattern informs the distributions of ammonia in the system, and the high ammonia quantity from the I-type urea injector and high quality of ammonia uniformity from the L-type urea injector can produce different results for NOx reduction efficiency quality after the catalyst process. The investigations showed the performance of two types of injectors and catalysts in the SCR system in a heavy-duty diesel engine.

Development of an Open Loop Fuzzy Logic Urea Dosage Controller for Use With an SCR Equipped HDD Engine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaello Ardanese ◽  
Michelangelo Ardanese ◽  
Marc C. Besch ◽  
Theodore Adams ◽  
Arvind Thiruvengadam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Ammonia Slip ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Approach ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems have been shown to be the most promising exhaust aftertreatment system for near term in-use applications to meet the stringent US 2010 oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions regulations of 0.2 g/bhp-hr for on-highway heavy duty diesel engines. SCR systems use the ammonia-containing compound urea, as a reducing agent. In order to control the urea dosage during transient operation of the engine, sophisticated control strategies are needed. This study discusses the development of an open loop, non-sensor based fuzzy logic urea dosage controller. The goal of the fuzzy logic based control was to achieve maximum NOx emission reduction, while limiting the amount of ammonia slip. The open loop controller was implemented on a heavy duty diesel engine equipped with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF) and a SCR system. The control system was quantified by operating the engine over different test cycles on an engine dynamometer. This study shows that the fuzzy logic approach is a simple and effective way to control NOx, as well as ammonia slip.

Emissions Characteristics for Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Under Different Loads Based on Vehicle-Specific Power

2017 ◽  
Vol 2627 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuanghong Zhang ◽  
Lei Yu ◽  
Guohua Song
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Vehicle Loads ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Diesel Trucks ◽  
The Impact

Both operating modes and emissions factors for heavy-duty diesel (HDD) trucks were analyzed under different loads to understand the effect of vehicle loads on emissions. Second-by-second speed data for different loads for HDD trucks were collected first. Then a method for calculating the vehicle-specific power (VSP) values and an emissions model for heavy-duty vehicles by using the VSP value were developed to evaluate the effect of different vehicle loads. The VSP distributions and emissions characteristics for fully loaded and unloaded trucks were analyzed and compared. The results illustrate that the fully loaded vehicles spent more time driving in steady modes and the time percentage of VSP values in the bin of 0 kW/ton for fully loaded trucks was lower than the percentage for unloaded trucks. However, the time percentage at the positive VSP value was significantly higher than the percentage for the unloaded trucks. The emissions factors of fully loaded trucks were significantly higher than those of unloaded trucks. Emissions factors were affected the most at speed intervals of 20 to 40 km/h, with emissions factors for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbon, and particulate matter (PM) at 20.4%, 23.5%, 29.0%, 11.7%, and 9.4% higher, respectively, than those levels for unloaded vehicles. With an increase of travel speed, the impact of the load on emissions weakened. Vehicle loads had the greatest effect on emissions of NOx, followed by emissions of CO. PM emissions were the least affected by vehicle loads. The impact of vehicle loads on emissions was affected by different acceleration behaviors under different loads.

Evaluation of the NOx emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines with the addition of cetane improvers

2009 ◽  
Vol 223 (8) ◽  
pp. 1049-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Nuszkowski ◽  
R R Tincher ◽  
G J Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Gas Density ◽  
Early Production ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Environmental Agencies ◽  
Petroleum Fuels

The exhaust emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines (HDDEs) contribute to the degradation of ambient air quality; therefore, environmental agencies have created stringent emissions standards. Since the implementation of these standards, overall engine and fuel technology improvements have created a significant reduction in emissions. This study was completed in order to evaluate oxides of nitrogen (NO x) emissions from fuels with and without cetane-improving additives in recent and early production electronically controlled HDDEs. Five engines spanning the model years from 1991 to 2004 were tested using the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) dynamometer cycle with both petroleum-based diesel and B20 as the neat fuel. It was found that the additives had the most impact on reducing emissions at low engine powers, but the engine power range with an NO x benefit varied between engines. The cetane improvers were found only to reduce NO x below a cylinder gas density of 35kg/m3 at top dead centre. The lower compression ratio of the 1992 DDC S60 engines reduced the cylinder gas density and provided a larger optimal operating range for the cetane improvers. The cetane improvers reduced NO x at low engine powers and cylinder gas density for the B20 fuel but were less effective than for the neat petroleum fuels.

Simulations of Waste Heat Recovery System Using R123 and R245fa for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

2013 ◽  
Vol 805-806 ◽  
pp. 1827-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Shan Wei ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Chao Chen Ma ◽  
Danish Syed Noman
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
Mass Flow Rates ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel

To improve fuel economy, an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system is proposed to recover waste heat from heavy-duty diesel engines. R123 and R245fa were selected as working fluids. Extensive numerical simulations were conducted to find thermal efficiency of the system under different evaporation pressures, mass flow rates of working fluids and temperature of engine exhaust gases. Results show that the system thermal efficiency was increased with the increase in evaporation pressure for both R123 and R245fa. Efficiency of R123 system was found to be greater than that of R245fa system. For Rankine cycle with both R123 and R245fa, mass flow rate range varied with the evaporation pressure. Limited by evaporation rates and thermal decomposition of the working fluid, the range of mass flow rates in R245fa system was narrower than the R123 system. The thermal efficiency with different temperatures of engine exhaust gases was similar under the fixed evaporation pressure.

Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions, Fifty Years: 1960–2010

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Merrion
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
Consent Decrees ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel

Exhaust emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines have been legislated since the 1960’s and continue until 2010. Smoke emissions continue to be controlled but exhaust odor regulations were never promulgated. Gaseous emissions (oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons) were not regulated until 1973 and particulate matter first regulated in 1988. Emission regulations have been through several periods of cooperation between regulators and manufacturers but there have also been periods of conflict and lawsuits. The most recent issues are with the October 2002 requirements of the Consent Decrees signed by seven diesel engine manufacturers and USEPA/US DOJ/CARB. Also the 2007/2010 regulations are under review.

Artificial neural network as a predictive tool for emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles in Southern California

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Hashemi ◽  
N. N. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
The One

An artificial neural network (ANN) was trained on chassis dynamometer data and used to predict the oxides of nitrogen (NO x), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emitted from heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Axle speed, torque, their derivatives in different time steps, and two novel variables that defined speed variability over 150 seconds were defined as the inputs for the ANN. The novel variables were used to assist in predicting off-cycle emissions. Each species was considered individually as an output of the ANN. The ANN was trained on the Highway cycle and applied to the City/Suburban Heavy Vehicle Route (CSHVR) and Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) with four different sets of inputs to predict the emissions for these vehicles. The research showed acceptable prediction results for the ANN, even for the one trained with only eight inputs of speed, torque, their first and second derivatives at one second, and two variables related to the speed pattern over the last 150 seconds. However, off-cycle operation (leading to high NO x emissions) was still difficult to model. The results showed an average accuracy of 0.97 for CO2, 0.89 for NO x, 0.70 for CO, and 0.48 for HC over the course of the CSHVR, Highway, and UDDS.

In-Use Emissions from 2010-Technology Heavy-Duty Trucks: Impact on Air Quality Planning in California

2017 ◽  
Vol 2627 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungju Yoon ◽  
John F. Collins ◽  
Chandan Misra ◽  
Jorn D. Herner ◽  
Michael W. Carter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Certification Standard ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Control Technologies

Introduction of a selective catalytic reduction system for heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) has substantially reduced emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx). However, it was found that in-use NOx emissions measured from three 2010-technology HDDTs were higher than the certification standard and higher than the levels measured during engine certification. In-use NOx emissions from three HDDTs tested over chassis dynamometer cycles were 1.7 to 9 times higher than the NOx certification standard of 0.20 grams per brake horsepower-hour, and the emissions measured with a portable emissions measurement system over highway test routes were up to five times higher than the certification standard. Such high in-use NOx emissions occurred primarily during low-speed operations (25 mph or less). This is a concern in California because more than 50% of running-exhaust NOx emissions from HDDTs will occur during low-speed operations that constitute only 11% of total vehicle miles traveled by 2025. This substantial contribution of NOx emissions during low-speed operations should be addressed carefully in the process of developing regulations and strategies to improve air quality in California. For better understanding and control of high in-use NOx emissions, there is a strong need for investigation of NOx control technologies effective at low-speed operation, differences between engine testing and whole vehicle testing procedures, and the roles of both engine certification requirements and in-use compliance requirements in reducing real-world NOx emissions.

Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Exhaust Aerosol Particle and Ion Measurements

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tero Lähde ◽  
Topi Rönkkö ◽  
Annele Virtanen ◽  
Tanja J. Schuck ◽  
Liisa Pirjola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Aerosol Particle ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Diesel Engine Exhaust ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel Engine ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel
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