Industrial Use of Renovated Municipal Wastewater

1973 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 401-409
Author(s):  
C. L. Weddle ◽  
H. N. Masri
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Water Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Municipal Effluent ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Business Relocation

A survey of industries in the United States revealed that twenty-two plants are presently using renovated municipal wastewater. Eleven industries have discontinued the usage, one because of the recent availablity of a fresh water source of high quality, two because of operational difficulties, and the remaining eight due to business relocation or closure or inadequate wastewater availability. One industry was identified which is planning to start using renovated wastewater in 1972. The vast majority of the industries are receiving municipal effluent after secondary wastewater treatment. Of the twenty-two industries using the renovated wastewater, fourteen provide additional inplant treatment, besides chlorination. Pilot plant investigations at Contra Costa County, California, indicated that renovated municipal wastewater used for industrial cooling purposes compares favorably with the Contra Costa Canal water presently being used by local industry.

scholarly journals Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Six Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants at the Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic in The United States

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Samendra P. Sherchan ◽  
Shalina Shahin ◽  
Jeenal Patel ◽  
Lauren M. Ward ◽  
Sarmila Tandukar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Wastewater Samples

In this study, we investigated the occurrence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in primary influent (n = 42), secondary effluent (n = 24) and tertiary treated effluent (n = 34) collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs A–F) in Virginia (WWTP A), Florida (WWTPs B, C, and D), and Georgia (WWTPs E and F) in the United States during April–July 2020. Of the 100 wastewater samples analyzed, eight (19%) untreated wastewater samples collected from the primary influents contained SARS-CoV-2 RNA as measured by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected in influent wastewater samples collected from WWTP A (Virginia), WWTPs E and F (Georgia) and WWTP D (Florida). Secondary and tertiary effluent samples were not positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA indicating the treatment processes in these WWTPs potentially removed SARS-CoV-2 RNA during the secondary and tertiary treatment processes. However, further studies are needed to understand the log removal values (LRVs) and transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 RNA through analyzing wastewater samples from a wider range of WWTPs.

The Current Status of Hearing Care: Can We Change the Status Quo?

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (07) ◽  
pp. 410-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Van Vliet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
The United States ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Current Status ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Scientific Database ◽  
The Status

The members of the profession of audiology often express concern that the services and products that have been developed to provide benefit to the hearing impaired are not sought after or delivered to the majority of those diagnosed with hearing loss. A critical look at the status quo of hearing care delivery in the United States is needed to verify this assumption and to develop strategies to improve the situation. A key concern is the lack of a comprehensive high-quality scientific database upon which to build continuous improvements in the effectiveness of the services and products that are provided to the hearing impaired.

Teaching Controversial Issues

2022 ◽  
pp. 252-272
Author(s):  
William Paul Bintz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Instructional Strategies ◽  
Picture Books ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Award Winning ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Way

This chapter describes recent research findings on homelessness in the United States and its relationship to poverty and other related factors. It also provides an introduction to text clusters, a curricular resource that includes high-quality and award-winning picture books and is anchored in the Way-In and Stay-In books. It continues by presenting a text cluster on the topic of homelessness, along with a variety of research-based instructional strategies that K-8 teachers can use with this text cluster, as well as with other text clusters on controversial issues. It ends with some final thoughts.

How We Fail Our Children Part I—The Caretaking Young Children Need

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-118
Author(s):  
Maxine Eichner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
High Quality

A question for any thriving society is how to ensure that children have the things they need to do their best. Two different approaches, pro-family policy and free-market family policy, claim to satisfy children’s needs well. Countries with pro-family policy go out of their way to make it easy for parents to spend time with their children when kids most need it, as well as to provide them high-quality caretaking while parents work, and generous material support. In contrast, under free-market family policy, the United States expects parents to negotiate these conditions on their own, privately arranging for time off from work, reasonable work hours, caregiving while they work, and enough cash to support their kids. This chapter uses recent research on early childhood development to construct a list of the caretaking conditions that help young children thrive. It then considers the extent to which children receive these conditions under free-market family policy versus pro-family policy. Ultimately, it turns out that by far the biggest casualties of free-market family policy are our children.

scholarly journals Application of the Transhipment Model to Development of the Seed Industry in Northeast Brazil

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
Fred H. Tyner ◽  
Roberto G. Campos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Good Seed ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Credit Availability ◽  
Seed Industry

The importance of agriculture in developing economies is reflected in the share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) originating in that sector and in the percent of population working in that sector. Brazil received 19 percent of its GDP from agriculture in 1968, and 60 percent of its population was in agriculture. In contrast, only three percent of GDP came from agriculture in the United States, and only six percent of the population was employed in agriculture.Development of a country's agriculture is dependent on a multitude of factors—not the least of which is availability and use of good seed. Use of high quality seeds increases total yield; allows for more efficient use of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation because of greater uniformity, better stands and more vigorous plants; usually results in higher quality produce; requires lower planting rates; and usually reduces weed, disease and soil insect problems. Other inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, technical assistance and credit availability are necessary to achieving a sound agriculture.

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