Use of Standardized Copper Cylinders for Determining Load and Energy in Forging Equipment

1972 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Altan ◽  
D. E. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Strain Gage ◽  
Measurement Technique ◽  
Forging Process ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Mechanical Press ◽  
Actual Load ◽  
Maximum Production Rate

The actual load and energy capacities of equipment must be known for adequately designing the forging process. In the present study, copper samples have been used to (1) determine the maximum production rate, or strokes per minute, of a mechanical press for various levels of forging energy, and (2) calibrate the strain-gage sensors attached on a press frame in order to measure forging loads. For both applications, the accuracy of the measurement technique is acceptable for practical production and engineering purposes.

Economics of Multitool Lathe Operations

1963 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Spindle Speed ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Maximum Production Rate

The formulas for calculation of tool life for maximum production rate and tool life for minimum cost are expanded to include multitool operations and cases in which the total cycle time controlled by the spindle speed is greater than the cutting time. A modification is made to avoid use of conventional overhead rates, which are shown to be invalid in this instance.

Evaluation of Medium Composition and Fermentation Parameters on Pullulan Production by Aureobasidium pullulans

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuan-Chen Cheng ◽  
Ali Demirci ◽  
Jeffrey M. Catchmark
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Batch Fermentation ◽  
Aureobasidium Pullulans ◽  
Fed Batch ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Fed Batch Fermentation ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Maximum Production Rate ◽  
Ph Profiles

The goal of this study was to enhance pullulan production by evaluating the effects of different fermentation parameters. Various carbon sources and their concentrations, yeast extract (YE) concentrations, fermentation temperatures and various pH profiles were examined. The optimal growth condition for pullulan production by Aureobasidium pullulans has been found as 75 g/L of sucrose as carbon source, 3 g/L of YE and cultivation temperature at 30 °C. Under these conditions with an initial pH at 5, 20.7 g/L of final pullulan concentration and 0.22 g/L/h maximum production rate were obtained. Later on, various pH profiles, agitation speeds, aerations and fed-batch fermentation were evaluated. The results demonstrated that pullulan production was enhanced to 25.8 g/L after 7-day cultivation with a 0.68 -g/L/h maximum production rate. There was no significant improvement of pullulan production from fed-batch fermentation. The optimal kinetics parameters were as follows: initial pH at 2.0, switched to pH 5.0 after 72 h and kept constant; agitation speed at 200 rpm; aeration at 1.5 vvm. The quality analysis demonstrated that the pullulan content produced from optimal conditions was 94.5% and its viscosity was 2.3 centipoise (cP). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy also suggested that pullulan dominated the produced exopolysaccharide.

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