In-Vivo Mechanical Properties of Soft Tissue Covering Bony Prominences

1978 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Ziegert ◽  
J. L. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Static Loading ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Bony Prominence ◽  
Soft Tissue Covering

In order to measure in-vivo bone accelerations, it is necessary to know the mechanical response of the soft tissue covering areas of bony prominence when a load is applied through a rigid contactor. Two methods are presented for determining this response in vivo. The first method is for quasi-static loading and the second method is for dynamic loading at approximately 2000 Hz. Results are presented for various subjects and contactor geometries.

scholarly journals Concomitant control of mechanical properties and degradation in resorbable elastomer-like materials using stereochemistry and stoichiometry for soft tissue engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Wandel ◽  
Craig A. Bell ◽  
Jiayi Yu ◽  
Maria C. Arno ◽  
Nathan Z. Dreger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Soft Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Soft Tissue Engineering ◽  
Degradation Properties ◽  
Enhance Cell Adhesion

AbstractComplex biological tissues are highly viscoelastic and dynamic. Efforts to repair or replace cartilage, tendon, muscle, and vasculature using materials that facilitate repair and regeneration have been ongoing for decades. However, materials that possess the mechanical, chemical, and resorption characteristics necessary to recapitulate these tissues have been difficult to mimic using synthetic resorbable biomaterials. Herein, we report a series of resorbable elastomer-like materials that are compositionally identical and possess varying ratios of cis:trans double bonds in the backbone. These features afford concomitant control over the mechanical and surface eroding degradation properties of these materials. We show the materials can be functionalized post-polymerization with bioactive species and enhance cell adhesion. Furthermore, an in vivo rat model demonstrates that degradation and resorption are dependent on succinate stoichiometry in the elastomers and the results show limited inflammation highlighting their potential for use in soft tissue regeneration and drug delivery.

Reliability Investigation of Tissue Resonator Indenter Device

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Jia ◽  
Jean W. Zu ◽  
Alireza Hariri
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Tissue Properties ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
In Vivo Measurements ◽  
Disease Diagnostics ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
The University

Knowledge of tissue mechanical properties is widely required by medical applications, such as disease diagnostics, surgery operation, simulation, planning, and training. A new portable device, called Tissue Resonator Indenter Device (TRID), has been developed for measurement of regional viscoelastic properties of soft tissues at the Bio-instrument and Biomechanics Lab of the University of Toronto. As a device for soft tissue properties in-vivo measurements, the reliability of TRID is crucial. This paper presents TRID’s working principle and the experimental study of TRID’s reliability with respect to inter-reliability, intra-reliability, and the indenter misalignment effect as well. The experimental results show that TRID is a reliable device for in-vivo measurements of soft tissue mechanical properties.

Dynamic instrumented palpation – a new method for soft tissue quality assessment: application to prostate disease diagnosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (12) ◽  
pp. 1101-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH Jimmy Yang ◽  
Simon Phipps ◽  
Steve KW Leung ◽  
Robert L Reuben ◽  
Fouad K Habib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Transurethral Resection ◽  
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Prostate Hyperplasia ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Benign Prostate

The objective is to establish the feasibility of using dynamic instrumented palpation, a novel technique of low-frequency mechanical testing, applied here to diagnose soft tissue condition. The technique is applied, in vitro, to samples of excised prostate gland affected by benign prostate hyperplasia and/or prostate cancer. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the histological structure of the tissue and the dynamic mechanical properties in an attempt to separate patient-specific aspects from histopathological condition (i.e. prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia). The technique is of clinical interest because it is potentially deployable in vivo. Prostate samples were obtained from a total of 36 patients who had undergone transurethral resection of the prostate to relieve prostatic obstruction and 4 patients who had undergone radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. Specimens (chips) recovered from transurethral resection of the prostate were of nominal size 5 mm × 8 mm and thicknesses between 2 and 4 mm, whereas those from the cystoprostatectomy were in the form of transverse slices of thickness approximately 6 mm. Specimens were mechanically tested by a controlled strain cyclic compression technique, and the resulting dynamic mechanical properties expressed as the amplitude ratio and phase difference between the cyclic stress and cyclic strain. After mechanical testing, the percentage areas of glandular and smooth muscle were measured at each probe point. Good contrast between the dynamic modulus of chips from benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer patients was demonstrated, and absolute values similar to those published by other authors are reported. For the slices, modulus values were considerably higher than for chips, and good in-patient mechanical contrast was revealed for predominantly nodular and predominantly stromal areas. Extending this classification between patients required pattern recognition techniques. Overall, the study has demonstrated that dynamic mechanical properties can potentially be used for diagnosis of prostate condition using in vivo measurements.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Response of Coals to Uniaxial Compression and Low-Speed Dynamic Loading

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jing-Xuan Zhou ◽  
Chuan-Jie Zhu ◽  
Xi-Miao Lu ◽  
Jie Ren ◽  
Rong-Jun Si ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Fragment Size ◽  
Dynamic Compression ◽  
Dynamic Strain ◽  
Hysteresis Phenomenon ◽  
Gas Explosions ◽  
Static Mechanical ◽  
Static Mechanical Properties

The surrounding rock of roadways in underground coal mines will lose its stability or even collapse under gas explosions, especially roadways surrounded by coals. The dynamic mechanical properties of coals were tested in order to investigate the dynamic response of coals under gas explosions. The static mechanical properties of coals were also tested as comparison. It is found that the dynamic stress-strain curves showed no obvious pore compaction stage comparing with uniaxial loading. The dynamic compression strength and the elastic modulus are obviously larger than those obtained in the static mechanical properties test, and the dynamic strain shows an obvious hysteresis phenomenon. The ultimate strain and absorbed energy increased linearly with increase of the strain rate. With the increase of dynamic loading, the fragment size of coal cores decreased obviously. The results could provide a reference for the antiexplosion design of the coal roadway.

Corrigendum to: Elastic properties of the forisome

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 1053
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Warmann ◽  
William F. Pickard ◽  
Amy Q. Shen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Viscoelastic Model ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Before And After

Forisomes are elongate Ca2+-responsive contractile protein bodies and act as flow blocking gates within the phloem of legumes. Because an understanding of their mechanical properties in vitro underpins understanding of their physiology in vivo, we undertook, using a microcantilever method, microscopic tensile tests (incremental stress-relaxation measurements) on forisomes from Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC Akanata Mame and Vicia faba L. Witkiem Major. Viscoelastic properties of forisomes in their longitudinal direction were investigated before and after Ca2+-induced contraction, but in the radial direction only before contraction. Forisomes showed mechanical properties typical of a biological material with a unidirectional fibrous structure, i.e. the modulus of elasticity in the direction of their fibers is much greater than in the radial direction. Creep data were collected in all tensile tests and fit with a three parameter viscoelastic model. The pre-contraction longitudinal elastic moduli of the forisomes were not differentiable between the two species (V. faba, 660���360�kPa; C. gladiata, 600���360�kPa). Both species showed a direction-dependent mechanical response: the elastic modulus was dramatically smaller in the radial direction than in the longitudinal direction, suggesting a weak protein cross-linking amongst longitudinal protein fibers. Activation of forisomes decreased forisome stiffness longitudinally, as evidenced by the loss of toe-region in the stress strain curve, suggesting that the forisome may have dispersed or disordered its protein structure in a controlled fashion. Contractile forces generated by single forisomes undergoing activation were also measured for V. faba (510���390�nN) and C. gladiata (570���310�nN).

Elastic properties of the forisome

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Warmann ◽  
William F. Pickard ◽  
Amy Q. Shen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Viscoelastic Model ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Before And After

Forisomes are elongate Ca2+-responsive contractile protein bodies and act as flow blocking gates within the phloem of legumes. Because an understanding of their mechanical properties in vitro underpins understanding of their physiology in vivo, we undertook, using a microcantilever method, microscopic tensile tests (incremental stress-relaxation measurements) on forisomes from Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC Akanata Mame and Vicia faba L. Witkiem Major. Viscoelastic properties of forisomes in their longitudinal direction were investigated before and after Ca2+-induced contraction, but in the radial direction only before contraction. Forisomes showed mechanical properties typical of a biological material with a unidirectional fibrous structure, i.e. the modulus of elasticity in the direction of their fibers is much greater than in the radial direction. Creep data were collected in all tensile tests and fit with a three parameter viscoelastic model. The pre-contraction longitudinal elastic moduli of the forisomes were not differentiable between the two species (V. faba, 660 ± 360 kPa; C. gladiata, 600 ± 360 kPa). Both species showed a direction-dependent mechanical response: the elastic modulus was dramatically smaller in the radial direction than in the longitudinal direction, suggesting a weak protein cross-linking amongst longitudinal protein fibers. Activation of forisomes decreased forisome stiffness longitudinally, as evidenced by the loss of toe-region in the stress strain curve, suggesting that the forisome may have dispersed or disordered its protein structure in a controlled fashion. Contractile forces generated by single forisomes undergoing activation were also measured for V. faba (510 ± 390 nN) and C. gladiata (570 ± 310 nN).

Substrate Dependence of Mechanical Response of Neurons and Astrocytes

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin B. Bernick ◽  
Simona Socrate
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Cell Stiffness ◽  
Large Strains ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli

The response of neural cells to mechanical cues is a critical component of the innate neuroprotective cascade aimed at minimizing the consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Reactive gliosis and the formation of glial scars around the lesion site are among the processes triggered by TBI where mechanical stimuli play a central role. It is well established that the mechanical properties of the microenvironment influence phenotype and morphology in most cell types. It has been shown that astrocytes change morphology [1] and cytoskeletal content [2] when grown on substrates of varying stiffness, and that mechanically injured astrocyte cultures show alterations in cell stiffness [3]. Accurate estimates of the mechanical properties of central nervous system (CNS) cells in their in-vivo conditions are needed to develop multiscale models of TBI. Lu et al found astrocytes to be softer than neurons under small deformations [4]. In recent studies, we investigated the response of neurons to large strains and at different loading rates in order to develop single cell models capable of simulating cell deformations in regimes relevant for TBI conditions [5]. However, these studies have been conducted on cells cultured on hard substrates, and the measured cell properties might differ from their in-vivo counterparts due to the aforementioned effects. Here, in order to investigate the effects of substrate stiffness on the cell mechanical properties, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal imaging techniques to characterize the response of primary neurons and astrocytes cultured on polyacrylamide (PAA) gels of varying composition. The use of artificial gels minimizes confounding effects associated with biopolymer gels (both protein-based and polysaccharide-based) where specific receptor bindings may trigger additional biochemical responses [1].

scholarly journals Digital image correlation and finite element modelling as a method to determine mechanical properties of human soft tissue in vivo

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Mattheus Moerman
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Fe Modelling ◽  
Tissue Phantom ◽  
Human Soft Tissue

The mechanical properties of human soft tissue are crucial for impactbiomechanics, rehabilitation engineering and surgical simulation.Validation of these constitutive models using human data remainschallenging and often requires the use of non-invasive imaging and inversefinite element (FE) analysis. Post processing data from imaging methodssuch as tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be challenging. DigitalImage Correlation (DIC) however is a relatively straightforward imagingmethod and thus the goal of this study was to assess the use of DIC incombination with FE modelling to determine the bulk material properties ofhuman soft tissue. Indentation experiments were performed on a silicone gelsoft tissue phantom. A two camera DIC setup was then used to record the 3Dsurface deformation. The experiment was then simulated using a FE model.

STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GAS-DISTRIBUTING STATION PIPES METAL AFTER LONG-TERM OPERATION

2015 ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
I. Yu. Bykov ◽  
I. N. Birillo ◽  
P. A. Kuzbozhev
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Static Loading ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Loading Effects ◽  
Static And Dynamic Loading

During operation the technological pipelines of gas-distributing station are affected by mechanical static loading resulted from internal pressure of gas in the high pressure pipelines and a dynamic loading from a high-speed stream of gas in low pressure pipelines. A comparison is made of characteristics of mechanical properties of gas-distributing station pipes metal after a long-term operation for the conditions of static and dynamic loading effects.

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