Response of a Realistic Human Head-Neck Model to Impact

1978 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Goldsmith ◽  
J. L. Sackman ◽  
G. Ouligian ◽  
M. Kabo
Keyword(s):  
Human Head ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
Impulsive Loading ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Steel Sphere ◽  
Pressure Transducers ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
System A ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Head Neck

A structurally realistic model of the human head-neck system, consisting of a water-filled human cadaver skull and an artificial neck was subjected to pendulum impact under nondestructive conditions. The neck consisted of a series of neoprene and aluminum rings fabricated so as to faithfully reproduce the head motion of living persons in the saggital plane. Both an aluminum spherical shell and a solid steel sphere were employed to produce contact durations of the order of 1–6 ms and 0.2–1 ms, respectively, depending upon whether the impact occurred against the bare skull or against one of several scalp simulators used. Both frontal and occipital blows were produced on the system. A series of pressure transducers were suspended along the impact axis that measured the history of this parameter for the various conditions employed, and a crystal transducer arrangement ascertained the force input to the system. A displacement gage was utilized to record the excursion of the head-neck junction. Significant differences in pressure response were noted between frontal and occipital blows without protective covers that disappeared when scalp simulators were employed. The response characteristics in the present tests were much simpler than in corresponding tests using an acrylic shell for the head model, where pressures under similar impulsive loading conditions were at least an order of magnitude larger; this difference is attributed to the layering effect of the real skull relative to the homogeneous shell previously used.

scholarly journals A Biomechanical Evaluation of a Novel Airbag Bicycle Helmet Concept for Traumatic Brain Injury Mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Kwong Ming Tse ◽  
Daniel Holder
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Bicycle Helmet ◽  
Impact Simulations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Helmet Design

In this study, a novel expandable bicycle helmet, which integrates an airbag system into the conventional helmet design, was proposed to explore the potential synergetic effect of an expandable airbag and a standard commuter-type EPS helmet. The traumatic brain injury mitigation performance of the proposed expandable helmet was evaluated against that of a typical traditional bicycle helmet. A series of dynamic impact simulations on both a helmeted headform and a representative human head with different configurations were carried out in accordance with the widely recognised international bicycle helmet test standards. The impact simulations were initially performed on a ballast headform for validation and benchmarking purposes, while the subsequent ones on a biofidelic human head model were used for assessing any potential intracranial injury. It was found that the proposed expandable helmet performed admirably better when compared to a conventional helmet design—showing improvements in impact energy attenuation, as well as kinematic and biometric injury risk reduction. More importantly, this expandable helmet concept, integrating the airbag system in the conventional design, offers adequate protection to the cyclist in the unlikely case of airbag deployment failure.

scholarly journals Analysis of Specific Absorption Rate on Six Layer Human Head Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Swaminathan ◽  
Ramprakash A ◽  
Dhejonithan K
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Specific Absorption Rate ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Federal Communications Commission ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Specific Absorption ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Impact

Despite numerous advantages, mobile phones cause serious health issues to people due to electromagnetic radiation. Various head models already exist to study the impact of radiation on a human head. The accuracy of the measurement of power absorbed by different layers of a head should be high. A new head model with six layers is proposed in this paper. Parameters such as dielectric constant, conductivity and mass density of different tissue layers skin, fat, bone, Dura, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain are extracted from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) database. To study the impact of radiation in the proposed model, standard planar inverted F-antennas (PIFA) capable to radiate at 1.7 GHz and 2.4 GHz are used. Simulations are performed using ANSYS Electromagnetics Suite. The analysis shows that the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the brain layer decreased in the proposed model when compared to the existing model.

Computation of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Chafi ◽  
G. Karami ◽  
M. Ziejewski
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

In this paper, an integrated numerical approach is introduced to determine the human brain responses when the head is exposed to blast explosions. The procedure is based on a 3D non-linear finite element method (FEM) that implements a simultaneous conduction of explosive detonation, shock wave propagation, and blast-brain interaction of the confronting human head. Due to the fact that there is no reported experimental data on blast-head interactions, several important checkpoints should be made before trusting the brain responses resulting from the blast modeling. These checkpoints include; a) a validated human head FEM subjected to impact loading; b) a validated air-free blast propagation model; and c) the verified blast waves-solid interactions. The simulations presented in this paper satisfy the above-mentioned requirements and checkpoints. The head model employed here has been validated again impact loadings. In this respect, Chafi et al. [1] have examined the head model against the brain intracranial pressure, and brain’s strains under different impact loadings of cadaveric experimental tests of Hardy et al. [2]. In another report, Chafi et al. [3] has examined the air-blast and blast-object simulations using Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) multi-material and Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) formulations. The predicted results of blast propagation matched very well with those of experimental data proving that this computational solid-fluid algorithm is able to accurately predict the blast wave propagation in the medium and the response of the structure to blast loading. Various aspects of blast wave propagations in air as well as when barriers such as solid walls are encountered have been studied. With the head model included, different scenarios have been assumed to capture an appropriate picture of the brain response at a constant stand-off distance of nearly 80cm (2.62 feet) from the explosion core. The impact of brain response due to severity of the blast under different amounts of the explosive material, TNT (0.0838, 0.205, and 0.5lb) is examined. The accuracy of the modeling can provide the information to design protection facilities for human head for the hostile environments.

scholarly journals A simplified human head finite element model for brain injury assessment of blunt impacts

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 6538-6547 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H.A. Hassan ◽  
Z. Taha ◽  
I. Hasanuddin ◽  
A.P.P.A. Majeed ◽  
H. Mustafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Brain Trauma ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Human Cadaver ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Head Neck

Blunt impacts contribute more than 95% of brain trauma injuries in Malaysia. Modelling and simulation of these impacts are essential in understanding the mechanics of the injuries to develop a protective equipment that might prevent brain trauma. Various finite element models of human head have been developed, ranging from two-dimensional models to very complex three-dimensional models. The aim of this study is to develop a simplified three-dimensional human head model with low computational cost, yet capable of producing reliable brain responses. The influence of different head-neck boundary conditions on the brain responses were also examined. Our model was validated against an experimental work on human cadaver. The model with free head-neck boundary condition was found to be in good agreement with experimental results. The head-neck joint was found to have a significant influence on the brain responses upon impact. Further investigations on the head-neck joint modelling are needed. Our simplified model was successfully validated against experimental data on human cadaver and could be used in simulating blunt impact scenarios.

Response of an Advanced Head-Neck Model to Transient Loading

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Winters ◽  
W. Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Contact Point ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
Strain Gages ◽  
Pressure Transducers ◽  
Head Displacement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Head Neck ◽  
Pendulum Impact

A second-generation mechanical head-neck model was constructed, instrumented and subjected to pendulum impact tests against both the head and torso and directed from the front, rear and side. The response history of the system was measured by thirty channels of instrumentation including disk pressure transducers and muscle displacement gages in the neck, and a central accelerometer, intracranial pressure transducers and skull strain gages for the cranium and its contents. The kinematics of the unit was observed by an intermediate speed framing camera and the input was determined by a calibrated force transducer located at the contact point. It was found that peak head linear acceleration and velocity occur either during or immediately after the impact, with corresponding peak rotational values manifested somewhat later, but well before maximum head displacement. Head accelerations were similar, albeit slightly lower than in corresponding cases for an earlier model and displacement values were also similar until large extensions were reached. For rear head or frontal base impact, the head experienced a significant period of translation without rotation immediately after loading, and the system appears to respond more violently to side than to corresponding front or rear impact. The muscle beahvior, which support the findings from the head kinematics, is analyzed in detail and shows its strong influence on limiting head excursions, with strain values up to 40 percent. Disk pressure histories were similar to those found in tests on an earlier model with the highest values between T2 and C4, while the intercranial pressure exhibited more realistic values, about an order of larger magnitude.

Effects of Attached Body on Biomechanical Response of the Helmeted Human Head Under Blast

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Salimi Jazi ◽  
A. Rezaei ◽  
G. Karami ◽  
F. Azarmi ◽  
M. Ziejewski
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Blast Waves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Mechanical Responses ◽  
Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis ◽  
Head Neck

The results of a computational study on the effect of the body on biomechanical responses of a helmeted human head under various blast load orientations are presented in this work. The focus of the work is to study the effects of the human head model boundary conditions on mechanical responses of the head such as variations of intracranial pressure (ICP). In this work, finite element models of the helmet, padding system, and head components are used for a dynamic nonlinear analysis. Appropriate contacts and conditions are applied between different components of the head, pads and helmet. Blast is modeled in a free space. Two different blast wave orientations with respect to head position are set, so that, blast waves tackle the front and back of the head. Standard trinitrotoluene is selected as the high explosive (HE) material. The standoff distance in all cases is one meter from the explosion site and the mass of HE is 200 grams. To study the effect of the body, three different boundary conditions are considered; the head-neck model is free; the base of the neck is completely fixed; and the head-neck model is attached to the body. Comparing the results shows that the level of ICP and shear stress on the brain are similar during the first five milliseconds after the head is hit by the blast waves. It explains the fact that the rest of the body does not have any contribution to the response of the head during the first 5 milliseconds. However, the conclusion is just reasonable for the presented blast situations and different blast wave incidents as well as more directions must be considered.

Skull Deformation Has No Impact on the Variation of Brain Intracranial Pressure

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asghar Rezaei ◽  
Hesam Sarvghad-Moghaddam ◽  
Ashkan Eslaminejad ◽  
Mariusz Ziejewski ◽  
Ghodrat Karami
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Stress Wave Propagation ◽  
Head Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Skull Deformation

Skull deformation and vibration has been hypothesized to be an injury mechanism when the human head undergoes an impact scenario. The extent that skull deformation may increase the risk of traumatic brain injury, however, is not well understood. This computational study explains whether skull deformation has any impact on the variation of intracranial pressure (ICP). To this end, a finite element head model including major anatomical components of the human head was employed. The head model has been validated against ICP variations on the brain. The impact simulations were carried out using a rigid cylindrical impactor. The scenarios were frontal impacts with the impactor hitting the forehead of the head model at two impact severity levels. In order to examine the effect of skull elasticity on the stress wave propagation inside the cranium under an external applied force, the skull was also taken as a rigid body with the same density as the elastic one, and the result were compared with those obtained with the deformable skull. For the two cases, the variation of ICPs at the coup and countercoup sites were recorded and compared. The results of the study showed that, for the case studies presented here, the deformation of skull didn’t increase the level of ICP inside the brain. It was concluded that the skull rapid body motion might be responsible for brain injuries.

scholarly journals Performance Characteristics of Head-Worn Antenna based on Dielectric Substrate Over WBAN Application

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.30) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Abdul Rashid .O. Mumin ◽  
R. Alias ◽  
Jiwa Abdullah ◽  
Raed A Abdulhasan ◽  
Samsul Haimi Dahlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Pattern ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Dielectric Substrate ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Antenna Performance ◽  
Loss Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Performance characteristics of head-worn antenna based on dielectric substrate for WBAN application with various dielectric constant for square slot patch antenna are demonstrated in this paper. The impact of Electromagnetic (EM) energy from antenna towards human head and on antenna performance changes due to human head proximity are explored in this paper. The human head exposed to 5.8 GHz on ISM frequency band and radiation pattern, return loss, efficiency, and bandwidth and SAR distribution value performance have been thoroughly explored. However, decreasing the antenna size is a great topic ‎of antenna development, which differentiates antenna performance for a small antenna. Multilayered human head phantom having five layers are constructed based on different tissues and these tissues represent human head parts such as (Skin, fat, Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), bone and brain), all of each tissues are based on their electromagnetic properties and set at 5.8GHz.The proposed antenna with human head model simulated through (FDTD) using CST and variation of parameters of antenna with MATLAB.  Antenna with FR4 substrate produces the highest SAR values while antenna with RT5880 substrate has the lowest SAR value 0.206 W/kg and 0.0784 W/kg at 5.8 GHz frequency exposed for 10g tissue respectively. It can be observed that the radiation pattern shows that the antenna gain with substrate of Rogers RT5880 is increased from front –to-back from 7.1 to 7.29 dB in the free space and on human head respectively. A good agreement between simulation and measurements in free space are obtained. The presented prototype has a potential to work for ISM applications.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN HEAD UNDER SIDE CAR CRASH IMPACTS AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (06) ◽  
pp. 1440002 ◽  
Author(s):  
XINGQIAO DENG ◽  
SHOU AN CHEN ◽  
R. PRABHU ◽  
YUANYUAN JIANG ◽  
Y. MAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Car Crash ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
The Impact

Mechanical response of the human head under a side car crash impact is crucial for modeling traumatic brain injuries (TBI) or concussions. The current advances in computational methods and the finite element models of the human head provide a significant opportunity for biomechanical study of brain injuries; however, limited experimental data is available for delineating the injury relationship between the head injury criteria (HIC) and the tensile pressure or von Mises stress. In this research, we assess human head injuries in a side impact car crash using finite element (FE) simulations that quantify the tensile pressures and maximum strain profiles. In doing so, five FE analyses for the human head have been carried out to investigate the correlations between the HIC measured in the dummy model at different moving deformable barrier (MDB) velocities increasing from 10 mph to 30 mph in 5 mph increments and the pressure and von Mises stress of the skull, the skin, the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and the brain. The computational simulation results for the tensile pressures and von Mises stresses correlated well with the HIC15 and peak accelerations. Also a second-order polynomial seemed to fit the stress levels to the impact speeds and as such the presented method for using FE human head analysis could be used for reconstruction of head impacts in different side car crash conditions; furthermore, the head model would provide a tool for investigation of the cause and mechanisms of head injuries once the type and locations of injuries are quantified.

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