The Wrinkled Axisymmetric Air Bags Made of Inextensible Membrane

1974 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien H. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Principal Stress ◽  
Governing Equation ◽  
Elliptic Integral ◽  
Compatibility Conditions ◽  
Air Bags ◽  
Stress Resultant ◽  
Air Bag ◽  
Geometric Compatibility

The wrinkling phenomenon is a consequence of the presence of a negative principal stress resultant. This condition, together with certain geometric compatibility conditions, is used to determine the locations and geometry of wrinkled zones. The governing equation is nonlinear but can be reduced to a quadrature. The shape of the air bag without azimuthal stress resultant is determined in terms of an elliptic integral.

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-613
Author(s):  
Allan F. Williams
Keyword(s):  
General Motors ◽  
American Population ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Air Bags ◽  
Crash Protection ◽  
Air Bag ◽  
Conducting Research

Dr Beuf's comment that air bags "can be more hazard than help" to children is incorrect. The concern had been expressed that some unrestrained children in crashes would be in positions in which they would be contacted by an air bag early in its deployment, and possibly injured as a result. Some years ago both Volvo and General Motors raised this issue after conducting research using pigs as child surrogates. Volvo cautioned, however, that "it would be extremely unfortunate if either government or industry allows the emotionality of the standing child/inflatable restraint issue to overshadow the potential that such systems have for preventing fatalities and injuries in a much larger segment of the American population" (letter submitted to Docket 74-14; Notice 1-FMVSS208, Occupant Crash Protection, Oct 18, 1974).

Fifth percentile female dummy upper extremity interaction with a deploying side air bag

2003 ◽  
Vol 217 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Duma ◽  
J R Crandall ◽  
W D Pilkey ◽  
K Seki ◽  
T Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Angular Rate ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Air Bags ◽  
Load Cells ◽  
Injury Tolerance ◽  
Air Bag ◽  
Onset Rate

This paper presents the results from experiments designed to characterize the upper extremity response of the small female during side air bag loading. A seat-mounted thoracic side air bag was deployed statically using three different inflators. The aggressivity of the inflators varied in peak pressure and pressure onset rate. The fifth percentile female HIII dummy was utilized in three positions, which were chosen to maximize loading of the humerus and elbow joint. Two had the dummy positioned outboard with the forearm on the armrest, and the third had the dummy inboard such that the humerus was positioned horizontally in front of the air bag module with the forearm supported above the armrest. Instrumentation for the fifth percentile female dummy included the fully instrumented SAE upper extremity with six axis load cells in the humerus and forearm as well as accelerometers and angular rate sensors attached to each segment. All inflators produced resultant humerus moments below published injury tolerance values for the small female, with the more aggressive air bags producing higher responses. The upper extremity proved useful in evaluating injury risk relative to side air bag design.

The Rigid Origami Patterns for Flat Surface

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sicong Liu ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Guoxing Lu
Keyword(s):  
Flat Surface ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Compatibility Conditions ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Internal Mobility ◽  
Mobile Processes ◽  
Geometric Compatibility

Because of the internal mobility, rigid origami structures have great potential in engineering applications. In this research, a kinematic model of the rigid origami pattern is proposed based on the assembly of spherical 4R linkages. To ensure the rigid origami pattern with mobility one, the kinematic and geometric compatibility conditions of the kinematic model are derived. Four types of flat rigid origami patterns are obtained, including three existing types as well as a novel one called the supplementary type. To testify and display the mobile processes of the patterns, their simulation models are built accordingly.

Deployable Prismatic Structures With Origami Patterns

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sicong Liu ◽  
Weilin Lv ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Guoxing Lu
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dihedral Angles ◽  
Geometric Condition ◽  
Compatibility Conditions ◽  
Deployable Structures ◽  
Single Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Single Degree ◽  
Geometric Compatibility

In order to find the general condition of the rigid origami pattern for the deployable prismatic structures, the kinematic model is proposed based on the mobile assemblies of spherical 4R linkages. The kinematic and geometric compatibility conditions of the mobile assemblies are derived. Two groups of 2n-side deployable prismatic structures are obtained. When n=2, one of them is with kite-shape intersection, while the other is with parallelgram. The variations of the unit are discussed. The straight and curvy multilayer prisms are built by changing the dihedral angles between the intersecting planes. The general design method for the 2n-side multilayer deployable prismatic structures is proposed with the geometric condition of the origami patterns. All the deployable structures constructed with this method can be deployed and folded along the central axis of the prisms with single degree of freedom, which makes the structures have wide engineering applications.

scholarly journals Assessment of production processes functioning in the case of air bag production

2018 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 04009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Mielczarek ◽  
Krzysztof Knop
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Air Bags ◽  
Air Bag

In the chapter was presented enterprise producing air bags. described. Toyota’s management principles by Jeffrey Liker were pointed out, which refers to production process (second). An innovative BOST questionnaire survey was characterized as a tool for transformation of Toyota’s management principles into questions. Survey and research method determined as BOST (the name of the is an acronym created from the first two letters of the name and surname of his creator i.e. Stanislaw Borkowski, professor of technical and economic sciences, the acronym is legally protected). Results of the questionary were introduced. It was made an analysis in the range of the principle 2 of Toyota. It was shown analysis of respondent’s characteristics. Next structure of assessments was determined and some statistical graphs were built.

New algorithm and accelerometer locations for frontal crash discrimination

2001 ◽  
Vol 215 (11) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
H-Y Jeong ◽  
Y-H Kim
Keyword(s):  
Crash Severity ◽  
Velocity Change ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Frontal Crash ◽  
Air Bags ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Air Bag ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Frontal Crashes ◽  
Utility Vehicle

Several crash discrimination algorithms have been developed in order to have timely air bag deployment during frontal crashes. However, it is still challenging to have timely air bag deployment, especially during pole, underride, oblique and offset crashes. Therefore, in this paper, a new algorithm for frontal crash discrimination is proposed, with the summation of the absolute value of the deceleration change being used as a metric and with the metric and its threshold being processed as a function of the velocity change. The new algorithm was applied to frontal crashes of a minivan and a sports utility vehicle, and it resulted in timely air bag deployment for frontal crashes, including pole, underride, oblique and offset crashes. Moreover, it is proposed that an accelerometer be installed on each side of the rockers or pillars to assess the crash severity of each side and to deploy driver and passenger air bags at different times, especially during an asymmetric crash such as an oblique and an offset crash. As an example, the deceleration signals measured at the left and right B-pillar/rocker locations were processed through the algorithm, and earlier time-to-fires (TTFs) were obtained for the air bag on the struck side than for the air bag on the non-struck side.

Comparison of upper extremity test devices for the evaluation of frontal air bags

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (10) ◽  
pp. 795-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
C R Bass ◽  
S M Duma ◽  
J R Crandall ◽  
S George ◽  
S Kuppa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Forearm Fracture ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Risk Functions ◽  
Air Bags ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Air Bag ◽  
The Moment

This study examines the response of two upper extremity test devices under driver-side air bag deployment to contribute to the development of dummy surrogates for the investigation of primary contact forearm injuries during air bag deployments. The first of these test devices, the SAE 5th Percentile Female Arm (SAE arm), is an anthropomorphic representation of a small female forearm and upper arm that is instrumented with load cells, accelerometers and potentiometers to enable the determination of upper extremity kinematics and dynamics. The second, the Research Arm Injury Device (RAID), is a simple beam test device designed for detailed investigation of moments and accelerations resulting from close contact in the initial stages of air bag deployment. It includes strain gauges distributed along its length to measure the distribution of moment applied by the air bag deployment. The study used four air bags representing a wide range of aggressivities in the current automobile fleet. Logistic risk functions for forearm fracture were developed using existing cadaver studies and the moment response of each test device. These risk functions indicate that, for 50 per cent risk of ulna or ulna/radius fractures, the SAE arm peak forearm moment is 67 N m while the RAID peak forearm moment is 373 N m.

The continued burden of spine fractures after motor vehicle crashes

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie C. Wang ◽  
Frank Pintar ◽  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Dennis J. Maiman
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crashes ◽  
Spine Fracture ◽  
Spine Fractures ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
Air Bags ◽  
Police Reports ◽  
Air Bag

Object Spine fractures are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). Public health interventions, such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, have led to an increase in automobiles with air bags and the increased use of seat belts to lessen injuries sustained from MVCs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate secular trends in the occurrence of spine fractures associated with MVCs and evaluate the association between air bag and seat belt use with spine fractures. Methods Using the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System, a database of the police reports of all MVCs in Wisconsin linked to hospital records, the authors studied the occurrence of spine fractures and seat belt and air bag use from 1994 to 2002. Demographic information and crash characteristics were obtained from the police reports. Injury characteristics were determined using International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) hospital discharge codes. Results From 1994 to 2002, there were 29,860 hospital admissions associated with automobile or truck crashes. There were 20,276 drivers or front-seat passengers 16 years of age and older who were not missing ICD-9-CM discharge codes, seat belt or air bag data, and who had not been ejected from the vehicle. Of these, 2530 (12.5%) sustained a spine fracture. The occurrence of spine fractures increased over the study period, and the use of a seat belt plus air bag, and of air bags alone also increased during this period. However, the occurrence of severe spine fractures (Abbreviated Injury Scale Score ≥3) did not significantly increase over the study period. The use of both seat belt and air bag was associated with decreased odds of a spine fracture. Use of an air bag alone was associated with increased odds of a severe thoracic, but not cervical spine fracture. Conclusions Among drivers and front-seat passengers admitted to the hospital after MVCs, the occurrence of spine fractures increased from 1994 to 2002 despite concomitant increases in seat belt and air bag use. However, the occurrence of severe spine fractures did not increase over the study period. The use of both seat belt and air bag is protective against spine fractures. Although the overall increased occurrence of spine fractures may appear contrary to the increased use of seat belts and air bags in general, it is possible that improved imaging technology may be associated with an increase in the diagnosis of relatively minor fractures. However, given the significant protective effects of both seat belt and air bag use against spine fractures, resources should continue to be dedicated toward increasing their use to mitigate the effects of MVCs.

scholarly journals Influência da aversão à traição sobre o comportamento do consumidor: experimentos com produtos de segurança

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Tharcisio A. Caldeira ◽  
Andréia A. Albino ◽  
Jorge Ferreira Brantes ◽  
T. Diana L. Van Aduard de Macedo-Soares
Keyword(s):  
Air Bags ◽  
Air Bag

Este artigo investigou a aversão à traição nos consumidores de produtos de segurança, propondo uma extensão ao trabalho desenvolvido por Gershoff e Koehler (2011). A literatura investigada discute o processo de tomada de decisão diante de condições incertas, a aversão ao risco e a aversão à traição. Foram realizados três experimentos com 525 universitários que escolheram entre dois carros idênticos equipados com diferentes air bags. Dentre os participantes, alguns eram aleatoriamente expostos à possibilidade de falha do air bag. O primeiro experimento investigou se os tipos de traição influenciavam as escolhas. O segundo experimento investigou se havia diferenças nas escolhas de acordo com o destinatário do produto. O terceiro experimento investigou se a exposição a campanhas de direção defensiva interferia na escolha. Após a realização de testes ANOVA, os resultados evidenciaram a existência da aversão à traição quando os indivíduos eram expostos à informação da possibilidade de traição de um produto de segurança. 

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