Transmission of Solar Radiation Through a Random Medium of Water and Glass

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Witte ◽  
T. A. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Random Medium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rectangular Lattice ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Radiation Exchange ◽  
Radiation Transmission ◽  
Semi Empirical

Two models are presented for the prediction of solar radiation transmission through a random medium of glass and water. One model is based on two-dimensional radiation exchange through a rectangular lattice of glass and water. This model is also applicable for materials other than glass and water. The other model is a semi-empirical equation which expresses the transmission as an exponential function. Both models predict transmittances within 5–10 percent of experimental data.

Similarity Solution for the Curved Two-Dimensional Jet

1972 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-882
Author(s):  
G. K. Fleming ◽  
S. A. Alpay
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Nonlinear Equation ◽  
Similarity Solution ◽  
Separation Bubble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wall Jet ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Two Parameter ◽  
Outer Half

A similarity solution has been obtained for a fluid jet bounded on one side by a separation bubble and on the other by an unbounded region containing the same fluid. The inner boundary has been approximated by a porous pseudowall. The resulting mathematical model reduces to other cases such as the plane wall jet and the free curved jet. A two-parameter family of solutions to the resulting nonlinear equation for the outer half of the jet correlates well with experimental data.

A Hybrid Semi-empirical Model for Lean Blow-Out Limit Predictions of Aero-engine Combustors

2014 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Hu ◽  
Yong Huang ◽  
Jianzhong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Model Parameter ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Aero Engine ◽  
Semi Empirical

According to the Lefebvre's model and flame volume (FV) concept, an FV model about lean blow-out (LBO) was proposed by authors in early study. On the other hand, due to the model parameter (FV) contained in FV model is obtained based on the experimental data, FV model could only be used in LBO analysis instead of prediction. In view of this, a hybrid FV model is proposed that combines the FV model with numerical simulation in the present study. The model parameters contained in the FV model are all estimated from the simulated nonreacting flows. Comparing with the experimental data for 11 combustors, the maximum and average uncertainties of hybrid FV model are ±16% and ±10%.

scholarly journals Enaminone Substituted Resorcin[4]arene—Sealing of an Upper-Rim with a Directional System of Hydrogen-Bonds

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7494
Author(s):  
Anna Szafraniec ◽  
Marcin Grajda ◽  
Hanna Jędrzejewska ◽  
Agnieszka Szumna ◽  
Waldemar Iwanek
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thermally Activated ◽  
Intramolecular Hydrogen ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Upper Rim

The paper presents the synthesis of an enaminone resorcin[4]arene via a thermally activated o-quinomethide. The crystal structure indicates that in the solid state all enaminone units participate in a unidirectional seam of 12 intramolecular hydrogen bonds that are formed around the cavity. The molecule exhibits C2 symmetry, with two opposite-laying enaminone units directed inside the cavity (“in”), and the other two units outside the cavity (“out”). In the solution the enaminone resorcin[4]arene exists as a mixture of conformers with distribution controlled by temperature and solvent. The experimental data are compared with the results of theoretical calculations using DFT B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and fast semi-empirical DFTB/GFN2-xTB method in various solvents.

Random execution of a set of contacts to solve the grasping and contact uncertainties in robotic tasks

Robotica ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-207
Author(s):  
Alvin Chua ◽  
Jayantha Katupitiya ◽  
Joris De Schutter
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Kalman Filters ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Error Covariance ◽  
Ideal Position ◽  
Contact Situation ◽  
Robotic Tasks

This paper addresses the problem of identifying the uncertainties present in a robotic contact situation. These uncertainties are errors and misalignments of an object with respect to its ideal position. The paper describes how to solve for the errors caused during grasping and errors present when coming into contact with the environment. A force sensor is used together with Kalman Filters to solve for all the uncertainties. The straightforward use of a force sensor and the Kalman Filters is found to be effective in finding only some of the uncertainties in robotic contact. The other uncertainties form dependencies that cannot be estimated in this manner. This dependency brings about the problem of observability. To make the unobservable uncertainties observable a sequence of contacts are used. The error covariance matrix of the Kalman Filter (KF) is used to obtain new contacts that are required to solve for all the uncertainties completely. There is complete freedom in choosing which unobservable quantity to be excited in forming the next contact. The paper describes how these new contacts can be randomly executed. A two dimensional contact situation will be used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Experimental data are also presented to prove the validity of the procedure. Due to the non-linear relationship between the uncertainties and the forces, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has been used.

Method for Finding Mass-Absorption Coefficients by Empirical Equations and Graphs

1961 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Leroux
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Empirical Equation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Modern Equipment ◽  
Mass Absorption ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Logical Order ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractA brief description of the theoretical approach of this new method is given. The main purpose of the method is to correlate in a more logical order not only the data yielding the two laws relating mass-absorption coefficient to wavelength and to atomic number, respectively, but also to delineate, within two discontinuities, the relationship existing between each value and the other ones taken as a whole. The empirical equation relating μ to λ is μ = Cλn. A table of complete values for the constant C and die power n to be assigned in the equation is given for finding the values of mass-absorption coefficients above unity for all elements (except hydrogen) and for all wavelengths between 0.17837 and 10 A. It is believed that until a complete set of experimental data obtained with modern equipment is available, this proposed method fills the enormous gaps between actual compiled values.

Band Gap Properties of Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Structures with Rectangular Lattice

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Alipour-Banaei ◽  
Somaye Serajmohammadi ◽  
Farhad Mehdizadeh ◽  
Alireza Andalib
Keyword(s):  
Band Gap ◽  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Band Gaps ◽  
The Other ◽  
Square Lattice ◽  
Rectangular Lattice ◽  
Lattice Structures ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional Photonic Crystal ◽  
Polarization Independent

AbstractIn this paper we proposed a new structure of two-dimensional photonic crystals with rectangular lattice. After deducing the primitive lattice vectors and first Brillouin zone of the structures, we studied the band gap properties of horizontal and vertical rectangular lattice structures and compared them with conventional square lattice structure. The most excellent characteristic of these structures is their joint band gap regions, which make them suitable for designing polarization-independent devices. The other advantage of these structures is having band gaps at higher normalized frequencies.

Semi-Empirical Approach for Fission Fragment Energy Degradation in any Elementary Medium

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (23) ◽  
pp. 3036-3040 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hakim ◽  
N. H. Shafrir
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Electronic Energy ◽  
Fission Fragments ◽  
Fitting Procedure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Degradation ◽  
Semi Empirical

A semi-empirical equation for the electronic energy loss of fission fragments has been derived by fitting the theoretical approach of Bohr, specifically developed for heavy stopping materials, to experimental data in gases and solids in a wide range of atomic numbers. The fitting procedure was performed by choosing a different expression for the number of electrons of the medium taking part in the stopping process, which includes empirical parameters obtained by fitting to experiment.The equation enables the energy loss of fission fragments in substances of any Z2, regardless of their physical state, to be predicted to a good degree of accuracy down to energies of approximately 20 MeV.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Two Forms of the Chaperonin GRO EL

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
J.L. Carrascosa ◽  
G. Abella ◽  
S. Marco ◽  
M. Muyal ◽  
J.M. Carazo
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Series Method ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Morphogenetic Factors ◽  
Tilt Series

Chaperonins are a class of proteins characterized by their role as morphogenetic factors. They trantsiently interact with the structural components of certain biological aggregates (viruses, enzymes etc), promoting their correct folding, assembly and, eventually transport. The groEL factor from E. coli is a conspicuous member of the chaperonins, as it promotes the assembly and morphogenesis of bacterial oligomers and/viral structures.We have studied groEL-like factors from two different bacteria:E. coli and B.subtilis. These factors share common morphological features , showing two different views: one is 6-fold, while the other shows 7 morphological units. There is also a correlation between the presence of a dominant 6-fold view and the fact of both bacteria been grown at low temperature (32°C), while the 7-fold is the main view at higher temperatures (42°C). As the two-dimensional projections of groEL were difficult to interprete, we studied their three-dimensional reconstruction by the random conical tilt series method from negatively stained particles.

Modelling of Moisture Movement in Wood during Outdoor Storage

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Baronas ◽  
F. Ivanauskas ◽  
I. Juodeikienė ◽  
A. Kajalavičius
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Finite Difference ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Moisture Movement ◽  
Finite Difference Technique ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Space Formulation ◽  
Term Storage

A model of moisture movement in wood is presented in this paper in a two-dimensional-in-space formulation. The finite-difference technique has been used in order to obtain the solution of the problem. The model was applied to predict the moisture content in sawn boards from pine during long term storage under outdoor climatic conditions. The satisfactory agreement between the numerical solution and experimental data was obtained.

Polymer-Graphene Nanoassemblies and their Applications in Cancer Theranostics

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1340-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponnurengam M. Sivakumar ◽  
Matin Islami ◽  
Ali Zarrabi ◽  
Arezoo Khosravi ◽  
Shohreh Peimanfard
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymer ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
Cancer Theranostics

Background and objective: Graphene-based nanomaterials have received increasing attention due to their unique physical-chemical properties including two-dimensional planar structure, large surface area, chemical and mechanical stability, superconductivity and good biocompatibility. On the other hand, graphene-based nanomaterials have been explored as theranostics agents, the combination of therapeutics and diagnostics. In recent years, grafting hydrophilic polymer moieties have been introduced as an efficient approach to improve the properties of graphene-based nanomaterials and obtain new nanoassemblies for cancer therapy. Methods and results: This review would illustrate biodistribution, cellular uptake and toxicity of polymergraphene nanoassemblies and summarize part of successes achieved in cancer treatment using such nanoassemblies. Conclusion: The observations showed successful targeting functionality of the polymer-GO conjugations and demonstrated a reduction of the side effects of anti-cancer drugs for normal tissues.

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