scholarly journals Studies of Flows Through N-Sequential Orifices

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hendricks ◽  
T. T. Stetz
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flux ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Profile Data ◽  
Axial Pressure ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Good For ◽  
Critical Regions ◽  
Reduced Temperature

Critical mass flux and axial pressure profile data for fluid nitrogen are presented for N = 20, 15, 10, and 7 N-sequential-orifice-inlet configurations uniformly spaced at 15.5 cm. These data correlate well over a wide range in reduced temperature (0.7 < Tr, 0 < ambient) and reduced pressure (to Pr = 2) and are in general agreement with previous studies of one to four inlets. Experimental and theoretical agreement is good for liquid and gas critical mass flux, but inconclusive in the near-thermodynamic critical regions.

Heat Transfer During Near-Critical-Pressure Condensation of Refrigerant Blends

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Garimella ◽  
Ulf C. Andresen ◽  
Biswajit Mitra ◽  
Yirong Jiang ◽  
Brian M. Fronk
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Mass Flux ◽  
Local Heat Transfer ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Liquid Region ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Horizontal Tubes ◽  
Wide Range

Heat transfer during condensation of refrigerant blends R404A and R410A flowing through horizontal tubes with 0.76 ≤ D ≤ 9.4 mm at nominal Pr = 0.8–0.9 was investigated. Local heat transfer coefficients were measured for the mass flux range 200 < G < 800 kg m−2 s−1 in small quality increments over the entire vapor–liquid region. Heat transfer coefficients increased with quality and mass flux, while the effect of reduced pressure was not very significant within this range of pressures. The heat transfer coefficients increased with a decrease in diameter. Correlations from the literature were not able to predict the condensation heat transfer coefficient for these fluids at these near-critical pressures over the wide range of tube diameters under consideration. A new flow-regime based model for heat transfer in the wavy, annular, and annular/wavy transition regimes, which predicts 91% of the data within ±25%, is proposed.

Analysis of high yielding maize production - a study based on a commercial crop

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Birch ◽  
G. McLean ◽  
A. Sawers
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Reduced Temperature

This paper reports on the use of APSIM – Maize for retrospective analysis of performance of a high input, high yielding maize crop and analysis of predicted performance of maize grown with high inputs over the long-term (>100 years) for specified scenarios of environmental conditions (temperature and radiation) and agronomic inputs (sowing date, plant population, nitrogen fertiliser and irrigation) at Boort, Victoria, Australia. It uses a high yielding (17 400 kg/ha dry grain, 20 500 kg/ha at 15% water) commercial crop grown in 2004–05 as the basis of the study. Yield for the agronomic and environmental conditions of 2004–05 was predicted accurately, giving confidence that the model could be used for the detailed analyses undertaken. The analysis showed that the yield achieved was close to that possible with the conditions and agronomic inputs of 2004–05. Sowing dates during 21 September to 26 October had little effect on predicted yield, except when combined with reduced temperature. Single year and long-term analyses concluded that a higher plant population (11 plants/m2) is needed to optimise yield, but that slightly lower N and irrigation inputs are appropriate for the plant population used commercially (8.4 plants/m2). Also, compared with changes in agronomic inputs increases in temperature and/or radiation had relatively minor effects, except that reduced temperature reduces predicted yield substantially. This study provides an approach for the use of models for both retrospective analysis of crop performance and assessment of long-term variability of crop yield under a wide range of agronomic and environmental conditions.

What are serial verbs good for?

Serial Verbs ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 164-195
Author(s):  
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
Keyword(s):  
Single Event ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Serial Verb Constructions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Serial Verbs ◽  
Serial Verb ◽  
Good For

Serial verb constructions can express a multitude of grammatical meanings—including directionality, aspect, comparison, increasing valency, and many more. These meanings may be expressed with affixes in other languages. Using a serial verb may help express definiteness and focus. Detailed portrayal of various facets of one single event is a function of symmetrical serial verbs. Languages with serial verbs—or ‘serializing’ languages—are not exclusively associated with any particular type of language. Serial verbs are a major means of expressing grammatical meanings in languages with few if any bound morphemes. Many of these languages are highly analytic and isolating in their profile. Languages with little verbal morphology tend to rely on serial verbs for expressing the relevant meanings. Prolific use of serial verbs is a corollary of the language having a comparatively small number of verbs with a wide range of meanings.

Health, sustainability, and climate change

2013 ◽  
pp. 548-555
Author(s):  
David Pencheon ◽  
Sonia Roschnik ◽  
Paul Cosford
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Good For

This chapter will help you understand the relationships between health, health care, sustainability, climate change, and carbon reduction, locally and globally. The specific objectives of the chapter are to help you make the case for action by showing how health, health care, sustainable development, and climate change are linked positively such that what is good for mitigating climate change is also good for health and health care today, translate science into policy and practice and help move research and action about climate science into policy and practice, and engage a wide range of stakeholders and appreciate that, as in much public health practice, appropriate action comes from involving a diverse group of people through genuine engagement.

scholarly journals Energy optimization in extrasolar planetary systems: the transition from peas-in-a-pod to runaway growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 493 (4) ◽  
pp. 5520-5531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred C Adams ◽  
Konstantin Batygin ◽  
Anthony M Bloch ◽  
Gregory Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Binary Stars ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Extrasolar Planets ◽  
Energy State ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Energy Optimization ◽  
Planetary Systems ◽  
Equal Mass ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Self Gravity

ABSTRACT Motivated by the trends found in the observed sample of extrasolar planets, this paper determines tidal equilibrium states for forming planetary systems – subject to conservation of angular momentum, constant total mass, and fixed orbital spacing. In the low mass limit, valid for super-Earth-class planets with masses of order mp ∼ 10 M⊕, previous work showed that energy optimization leads to nearly equal mass planets, with circular orbits confined to a plane. The present treatment generalizes previous results by including the self-gravity of the planetary bodies. For systems with a sufficiently large total mass $m_{\scriptstyle \rm T}$ in planets, the optimized energy state switches over from the case of nearly equal mass planets to a configuration where one planet contains most of the material. This transition occurs for a critical mass threshold of approximately $m_{\scriptstyle \rm T}\gtrsim m_{\scriptstyle \rm C}\sim 40\,{\rm M_\oplus}$ (where the value depends on the semimajor axes of the planetary orbits, the stellar mass, and other system properties). These considerations of energy optimization apply over a wide range of mass scales, from binary stars to planetary systems to the collection of moons orbiting the giant planets in our Solar system.

The Application of a Finite Element Method to the Evaluation of oil Whirl Characteristics

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Shelly ◽  
C. Ettles
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Elements ◽  
Parabolic Type ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Axial Pressure ◽  
Oil Whirl ◽  
Element Method

A method using finite elements for the whirl analysis of plain bearings is outlined. The special properties of an exponentially shaped element are linked to a parabolic type of approximation for the axial pressure profile. The method is developed and applied to the prediction of whirl paths of a heavy rotor operating both in the horizontal and vertical modes. Several locus paths are presented to show the separate and combined effects of rotor unbalance and unidirectional loading over a range of rotational speeds.

scholarly journals COMPARISION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN THE FLOWER BUDS, PEDICELS AND LEAVES OF SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM (L.) MERRIL AND PERRY

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Rajalekshmy V. S. ◽  
V. Manimekalai
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Chemical

Objective: To analyse and compare the major chemical components in the flower buds, pedicels and leaves of Syzygium aromaticum by Gas-Chromatography Mass spectrometry technique. Methods: Healthy and mature flower buds, pedicels and leaves were shade dried and pulverized using a mechanical grinder. The powder was successively extracted with ethanol (40-60o C). The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. The ethanolic extracts of the plant parts such as leaves, pedicels, and buds were used for GC-MS analysis.Results: The major constituent is eugenol. Pedicels contain 79.75% eugenol, buds contain 74.12% eugenol and leaves contain 51.03% eugenol. In addition to eugenol, other important components are Acetyl eugenol, Caryophyllene, Humulene and Caryophyllene oxide.Conclusion: Eugenol has a wide range of medicinal properties such as antiseptic, anaesthetic, analgesic anti-inflammatory. Commercially pedicel is not used for eugenol extraction. Present study has revealed that it could be used as a promising one in pharmaceutical industry in addition to flower buds.

scholarly journals ATR-16 syndrome: mechanisms linking monosomy to phenotype

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 414-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Babbs ◽  
Jill Brown ◽  
Sharon W Horsley ◽  
Joanne Slater ◽  
Evie Maifoshie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Chromosome 16 ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Telomere Position Effect ◽  
Contiguous Gene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genetic Background Effects ◽  
Critical Regions

BackgroundDeletions removing 100s–1000s kb of DNA, and variable numbers of poorly characterised genes, are often found in patients with a wide range of developmental abnormalities. In such cases, understanding the contribution of the deletion to an individual’s clinical phenotype is challenging.MethodsHere, as an example of this common phenomenon, we analysed 41 patients with simple deletions of ~177 to ~2000 kb affecting one allele of the well-characterised, gene dense, distal region of chromosome 16 (16p13.3), referred to as ATR-16 syndrome. We characterised deletion extents and screened for genetic background effects, telomere position effect and compensatory upregulation of hemizygous genes.ResultsWe find the risk of developmental and neurological abnormalities arises from much smaller distal chromosome 16 deletions (~400 kb) than previously reported. Beyond this, the severity of ATR-16 syndrome increases with deletion size, but there is no evidence that critical regions determine the developmental abnormalities associated with this disorder. Surprisingly, we find no evidence of telomere position effect or compensatory upregulation of hemizygous genes; however, genetic background effects substantially modify phenotypic abnormalities.ConclusionsUsing ATR-16 as a general model of disorders caused by CNVs, we show the degree to which individuals with contiguous gene syndromes are affected is not simply related to the number of genes deleted but depends on their genetic background. We also show there is no critical region defining the degree of phenotypic abnormalities in ATR-16 syndrome and this has important implications for genetic counselling.

scholarly journals The determinatio of tryptophan in purified proteins and in feeding-stuffs

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Matheson
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Barium Hydroxide ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complete Procedure

1. A method was developed for the estimation of tryptophan in purified proteins or in feeding-stuffs. Samples were hydrolysed by autoclaving them with barium hydroxide in polypropylene flasks or tubes. Excess Ba was precipitated as the hydroxide by cooling, and hydrogen sulphide formed during hydrolysis was removed under reduced pressure. Tryptophan was assayed colorimetrically with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde by comparison with tryptophan standards carried through the complete procedure.2. The method was applied to purified proteins, to analysed materials and to a wide range of samples. Results agreed fairly well with published values for purified proteins, though rather less well for the samples analysed by other workers. Reasons are discussed. The samples examined gave results in the expected range.

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