Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine Working Fluids

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Lee ◽  
J. Campbell ◽  
D. E. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Turbomachinery Design ◽  
Transfer Properties

Characteristic requirements of a closed-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) working fluid were identified and the effects of their thermodynamic and transport properties on the CCGT cycle performance, required heat exchanger surface area and metal operating temperature, cycle operating pressure levels, and the turbomachinery design were investigated. Material compatibility, thermal and chemical stability, safety, cost, and availability of the working fluid were also considered in the study. This paper also discusses CCGT working fluids utilizing mixtures of two or more pure gases. Some mixtures of gases exhibit pronounced synergetic effects on their characteristic properties including viscosity, thermal conductivity and Prandtl number, resulting in desirable heat transfer properties and high molecular weights. Typical examples of such synergetic gas mixture are helium-xenon and helium-carbon dioxide.

scholarly journals Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine Working Fluids

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Lee ◽  
J. Campbell ◽  
D. E. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Turbomachinery Design ◽  
Transfer Properties

Characteristic requirements of a closed-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) working fluid were identified and the effects of their thermodynamic and transport properties on the CCGT cycle performance, required heat exchanger surface area and metal operating temperature, cycle operating pressure levels, and the turbomachinery design were investigated. Material compatibility, thermal and chemical stability, safety, cost, and availability of the working fluid were also considered in the study. This paper also discusses CCGT working fluids utilizing mixtures of two or more pure gases. Some mixtures of gases exhibit pronounced synergetic effects on their characteristic properties including viscosity, thermal conductivity and Prandtl number, resulting in desirable heat transfer properties and high molecular weights. Typical examples of such synergetic gas mixture are helium-xenon and helium-carbon dioxide.

Design and Operational Challenges of Switching Working Fluid for a Gen IV Nuclear Powered Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine: Case Studies of Nitrogen and Air, Helium and Argon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Osigwe ◽  
Arnold Gad-Briggs ◽  
Nasiru Tukur ◽  
Pericles Pilidis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
First Case ◽  
Gen Iv

Abstract A unique benefit of using the closed-cycle gas turbine and gas turbomachines employed in the Gen-IV nuclear power plant is the flexibility it offers in terms of working fluid usage. This is so because of the self-containing nature of the closed-cycle gas turbine. To this end, the selection of the working fluid for the cycle operation is driven by several factors such as the cycle performance, system design, and component material compatibility with fluid properties, availability, and many more. This paper provides an understanding of the design and operational challenges of switching working fluids for a nuclear powered closed-cycle gas turbine. Using the plant output power of a simple closed-cycle configuration as a baseline condition, two case studies have been presented in this paper to explore the design and operational challenges of switching working fluids. In the first case study, the fluid was switched from nitrogen to air and in the second case study, helium and argon were utilised. In both cases, using thermodynamic flow relationship, the closed-cycle gas turbine turbomachinery components maps were analysed to understand the operational requirements for switching the working fluids. The paper also provided an insight into the turbomachinery component design considerations for this to be achieved. The overarching results from a thermodynamic perspective showed fluids with similar thermodynamic behaviour could be switched during idle synchronous speed.

Multi-Fluid Gas Turbine Components Scaling for a Generation IV Nuclear Power Plant Performance Simulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Osigwe ◽  
Arnold Gad-Briggs ◽  
Theoklis Nikolaidis ◽  
Pericles Pilidis ◽  
Suresh Sampath
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Simulation Tool ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Performance Simulation ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
Component Map

One major challenge to the accurate development of performance simulation tool for component-based nuclear power plant engine models is the difficulty in accessing component performance maps; hence, researchers or engineers often rely on estimation approach using various scaling techniques. This paper describes a multi-fluid scaling approach used to determine the component characteristics of a closed-cycle gas turbine plant from an existing component map with their design data, which can be applied for different working fluids as may be required in closed-cycle gas turbine operations to adapt data from one component map into a new component map. Each component operation is defined by an appropriate change of state equations which describes its thermodynamic behavior, thus, a consideration of the working fluid properties is of high relevance to the scaling approach. The multi-fluid scaling technique described in this paper was used to develop a computer simulation tool called GT-ACYSS, which can be valuable for analyzing the performance of closed-cycle gas turbine operations with different working fluids. This approach makes it easy to theoretically scale existing map using similar or different working fluids without carrying out a full experimental test or repeating the whole design and development process. The results of selected case studies show a reasonable agreement with available data.

Perspectives for the Liquid Phase Compression Gas Turbine

1967 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Angelino
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Compression Cycle ◽  
Working Fluid Selection

The possibility of performing a liquid phase compression in closed cycle gas turbine through the use of particular working fluids is discussed. From the results of calculations carried out for different fluids there is evidence that efficiency of the resulting cycle is considerably higher than that of regenerative Brayton cycles and comparable with that of regenerative Rankine cycles. The working fluid selection is recognized as the major problem in view of practical applications. Available data strongly support the conclusion that fluids meeting the needed requirements, at least for moderate temperature operation, can be found. Nuclear power stations appear to be one of the most promising fields of application of the liquid phase compression cycle.

scholarly journals Ammonia Turbomachinery Design Considerations for the Direct Cycle Nuclear Gas Turbine Waste Heat Power Plant

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin F. McDonald ◽  
Kosla Vepa
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Power Conversion ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Heat Power ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Design Work ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Turbomachinery Design

This paper describes the turbomachinery design considerations for a supercritical Rankine cycle waste heat power conversion system for use with the large helium closed-cycle gas turbine nuclear power plant under development by General Atomic Company. The conceptual designs of the ammonia turbine and pump are presented. The high density working fluid in the ammonia turbine results in small blade heights and high hub-to-tip ratios due to a combination of the properties of ammonia and the high degree of pressurization, particularly at the turbine exit. With the molecular weight of the ammonia working fluid being very similar to steam, the double-flow, multistage axial ammonia turbine bears a strong resemblance to modern steam turbines. Conceptual design work has been done in sufficient detail to support component cost estimates for the balance of plant economic studies. While an extensive design program is needed for the ammonia turbine, existing technology from the power generating and chemical process industries is generally applicable; and, with specialized design attention, the goal of high turbine efficiency should be realizable. The design studies have been specifically directed toward a nuclear closed-cycle helium gas turbine plant (GT-HTGR); however, it is postulated that the turbine design considerations presented could be applicable to other low temperature power conversion systems such as geothermal or industrial waste heat applications.

Risk Assessment on Working Fluid Selection for Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine Systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Osigwe ◽  
Pericles Pilidis ◽  
Theoklis Nikolaidis ◽  
Dodeye Igbong
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Fluid Management ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Material Technology ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
The Impact

Abstract From a thermodynamic viewpoint, it is almost possible to utilize all permanent gases as a working fluid for closed-cycle gas turbine energy conversion system. However, this possibility could be limited due to several criteria, some of which are dictated by both technological and economic requirements. This paper provides a risk assessment on possible uncertainties and operational challenges for selected working fluids such as helium, carbon-dioxide, nitrogen and air, which could impact on the closed-cycle gas turbine technology. The risk assessment presented in this paper is described in two parts which include; technological and financial risk. The technological risk gives an assessment on the effect of the selected working fluids on components material technology, turbine entry temperature, and fluid management system while the financial risk aspect gives an assessment in terms of system cost implications influenced by the working fluids and the impact of legislation on investment decision. The overarching discussions from this paper show that helium has an advantage of a possible compact design which could undoubtedly be important cost savings, however, due to government policies on its availability, the operational cost for using helium could make it a huge disadvantage compared with other working fluids discussed in this paper.

Modeling and Analysis of Power Conversion System for High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor With Cogeneration

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Afrazeh ◽  
Hiwa Khaledi ◽  
Mohammad Bagher Ghofrani
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Conversion ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Nuclear Heat ◽  
Conversion System ◽  
High Temperature Gas

A gas turbine in combination with a nuclear heat source has been subject of study for some years. This paper describes the advantages of a gas turbine combined with an inherently safe and well-proven nuclear heat source. The design of the power conversion system is based on a regenerative, non-intercooled, closed, direct Brayton cycle with high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), as heat source and helium gas as the working fluid. The plant produces electricity and hot water for district heating (DH). Variation of specific heat, enthalpy and entropy of working fluid with pressure and temperature are included in this model. Advanced blade cooling technology is used in order to allow for a high turbine inlet temperature. The paper starts with an overview of the main characteristics of the nuclear heat source, Then presents a study to determine the specifications of a closed-cycle gas turbine for the HTGR installation. Attention is given to the way such a closed-cycle gas turbine can be modeled. Subsequently the sensitivity of the efficiency to several design choices is investigated. This model is developed in Fortran.

Modelling and Simulation of Transient Performance of the Semi-Closed O2/CO2 Gas Turbine Cycle for CO2-Capture

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnhild E. Ulfsnes ◽  
Olav Bolland ◽  
Kristin Jordal
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Transient Behavior ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Transient Event ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Specific Heat Ratio ◽  
Gas Turbine Cycle

One of the concepts proposed for capture of CO2 in power production from gaseous fossil fuels is the semi-closed O2/CO2 gas turbine cycle. The semi-closed O2/CO2 gas turbine cycle has a near to stoichiometric combustion with oxygen, producing CO2 and water vapor as the combustion products. The water vapor is condensed and removed from the process, the remaining gas, primarily CO2, is mainly recycled to keep turbine inlet temperature at a permissible level. A model for predicting transient behavior of the semi-closed O2/CO2 gas turbine cycle is presented. The model is implemented in the simulation tool gPROMS (Process System Enterprise Ltd.), and simulations are performed to investigate two different issues. The first issue is to see how different cycle performance variables interact during transient behavior; the second is to investigate how cycle calculations are affected when including the gas constant and the specific heat ratio in compressor characteristics. The simulations show that the near to stoichiometric combustion and the working fluid recycle introduce a high interaction between the different cycle components and variables. This makes it very difficult to analytically predict the cycle performance during a transient event, i.e. simulations are necessary. It is also found that, except for the shaft speed calculation, the introduction of gas constant and specific heat ratio dependence on the compressor performance map will have only a minor influence on the process performance.

Description of an Operating Closed Cycle: Helium Gas Turbine

1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. La Fleur
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Refrigeration Cycle ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Helium Gas ◽  
Compressor Inlet ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Low Temperature Refrigeration ◽  
Made In

In May of 1960 La Fleur Enterprises, later to become The La Fleur Corporation, undertook the design of a closed-cycle gas turbine utilizing helium as a working fluid. The useful output of this machine was to be in the form of a stream of helium bled from the last stage of the compressor. This stream was to be used in a low-temperature refrigeration cycle (not described in this paper) and would be returned to the compressor inlet at approximately ambient temperature and at compressor-inlet pressure. The design of this machine was completed by the end of 1960 and construction was initiated immediately. The unit was completed and initial tests were made in the Spring of 1962. This paper covers the design philosophy as it affected the conceptual and preliminary design phases of the project and describes briefly the design of the various components. Photographs of these components and a flow schematic are included.

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