Changes in State Variables at Elevated Temperatures

Two state variables, strength and internal (back) stress, were determined during cyclic deformation by rapid unloading-reloading experiments. The experiments were performed at different temperatures and strain rates, Considerable increases in strength at low temperatures (20°C–300°C) due to cyclic deformation and due to strain aging were measured. The variation of internal stresses at elevated temperatures (600°C) with strain rate was identified. Regions of high back stress rates were established on stress-back stress diagrams. High strain rates during unload-reload excursions are needed to minimize changes in back stress during measurements. The results (state variables) and the stress-strain response were compared to predictions based on a unified constitutive model. The capabilities of the model under cyclic loading, decrease in strength at high temperatures due to spheroidization, and increase in strength due to strain aging at lower temperatures, were found to be satisfactory. The extension of the unloading-reloading technique to multiaxial loading is outlined.