Cyclic Loading on the Red Cell Membrane in a Shear Flow: A Possible Cause of Hemolysis

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Niimi ◽  
M. Sugihara
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Shear Flow ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Human Red Cells

The fluid force acting on single human red cells in a high shear flow was analyzed. A two-dimensional elliptical microcapsule as a model of the deformed red cells was adopted to numerically calculate the distributions of the shear forces on both sides of the cell membrane. It is theoretically shown that the cell membrane undergoes an unsteady cyclic loading under the rotational motion around the interior. The mechanism leading to blood cell trauma is examined by repeatedly loading the continuously moving cell membrane.

scholarly journals The State of Water in Human and Dog Red Cell Membranes

1970 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Vieira ◽  
R. I. Sha'afi ◽  
A. K. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Apparent Activation Energy ◽  
Water Diffusion ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Kcal Mole ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Human Red Cells

The apparent activation energy for the water diffusion permeability coefficient, Pd, across the red cell membrane has been found to be 4.9 ± 0.3 kcal/mole in the dog and 6.0 ± 0.2 kcal/mole in the human being over the temperature range, 7° to 37°C. The apparent activation energy for the hydraulic conductivity, Lp, in dog red cells has been found to be 3.7 ± 0.4 kcal/mole and in human red cells, 3.3 ± 0.4 kcal/mole over the same temperature range. The product of Lp and the bulk viscosity of water, η, was independent of temperature for both dog and man which indicates that the geometry of the red cell membrane is not temperature-sensitive over our experimental temperature range in either species. In the case of the dog, the apparent activation energy for diffusion is the same as that for self-diffusion of water, 4.6–4.8 kcal/mole, which indicates that the process of water diffusion across the dog red cell membrane is the same as that in free solution. The slightly, but significantly, higher activation energy for water diffusion in human red cells is consonant with water-membrane interaction in the narrower equivalent pores characteristic of these cells. The observation that the apparent activation energy for hydraulic conductivity is less than that for water diffusion across the red cell membrane is characteristic of viscous flow and suggests that the flow of water across the membranes of these red cells under an osmotic pressure gradient is a viscous process.

scholarly journals Red Cell Membrane Permeability Deduced from Bulk Diffusion Coefficients

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 706-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Redwood ◽  
E. Rall ◽  
W. Perl
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Bulk Diffusion ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Column ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
One Dimensional

The permeability coefficients of dog red cell membrane to tritiated water and to a series of[14C]amides have been deduced from bulk diffusion measurements through a "tissue" composed of packed red cells. Red cells were packed by centrifugation inside polyethylene tubing. The red cell column was pulsed at one end with radiolabeled solute and diffusion was allowed to proceed for several hours. The distribution of radioactivity along the red cell column was measured by sequential slicing and counting, and the diffusion coefficient was determined by a simple plotting technique, assuming a one-dimensional diffusional model. In order to derive the red cell membrane permeability coefficient from the bulk diffusion coefficient, the red cells were assumed to be packed in a regular manner approximating closely spaced parallelopipeds. The local steady-state diffusional flux was idealized as a one-dimensional intracellular pathway in parallel with a one-dimensional extracellular pathway with solute exchange occurring within the series pathway and between the pathways. The diffusion coefficients in the intracellular and extracellular pathways were estimated from bulk diffusion measurements through concentrated hemoglobin solutions and plasma, respectively; while the volume of the extracellular pathway was determined using radiolabeled sucrose. The membrane permeability coefficients were in satisfactory agreement with the data of Sha'afi, R. I., C. M. Gary-Bobo, and A. K. Solomon (1971. J. Gen. Physiol. 58:238) obtained by a rapid-reaction technique. The method is simple and particularly well suited for rapidly permeating solutes.

scholarly journals Kinetics and stoichiometry of Na-dependent Li transport in human red blood cells.

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Sarkadi ◽  
J K Alifimoff ◽  
R B Gunn ◽  
D C Tosteson
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Na Efflux ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Human Red Cells

This paper describes the kinetics and stoichiometry of a tightly coupled Na-Li exchange transport system in human red cells. The system is inhibited by phloretin and furosemide but not by ouabain. Li influx by this system increases and saturates with increasing concentrations of external Li and internal Na and is inhibited competitively by external Na. Comparable functions relate Li efflux and Na efflux to internal and external Li and Na concentrations. Analysis of these relations yields the following values for the ion concentrations required to half-maximally activate the transport system: internal Na and Li 9.0 and 0.5 mM, respectively, external Na and Li 25 and 1.5 mM, respectively. The system performs a 1:1 exchange of Na and Li moving in opposite directions across the red cell membrane. We found no evidence for a simultaneous transport of more than one Na and Li by the system. The maximum transport rate of Na-dependent Li transport varied between 0.1 and 0.37 mmol/(liter of cells X h) in the red cells of the five normal male subjects studied. No significant variations between individual subjects were observed for bicarbonate-stimulated Li transport and for the residual Li fluxes which occur in the absence of bicarbonate and in the presence of ouabain plus phloretin.

scholarly journals Inhibition of malarial parasite invasion by monoclonal antibodies against glycophorin A correlates with reduction in red cell membrane deformability

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 1836-1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Pasvol ◽  
JA Chasis ◽  
N Mohandas ◽  
DJ Anstee ◽  
MJ Tanner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Malarial Parasite ◽  
Glycophorin A ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Parasite Invasion ◽  
Surface Molecules ◽  
Fab Fragments

Abstract The effect of well-characterized monoclonal antibodies to red cell surface molecules on the invasion of human red cells by the malarial parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi was examined. Antibodies to glycophorin A (GP alpha) inhibit invasion for both parasite species, and this is highly correlated with the degree to which they decrease red cell membrane deformability as measured by ektacytometry. This effect on rigidity and invasion was also seen with monovalent Fab fragments. The closer the antibody binding site was to the membrane bilayer, the greater was its effect on inducing membrane rigidity and decreasing parasite invasion. Antibodies to the Wright determinant in particular were the most inhibitory. This differential effect of the various antibodies was not correlated with their binding affinities or the number of sites bound per cell. Antibodies to surface molecules other than GP alpha were without effect. A novel mechanism is described whereby monoclonal antibodies and their Fab fragments directed at determinants on the external surface of red cells might act to inhibit invasion by malarial parasites by altering membrane material properties.

scholarly journals THE ESCAPE OF HEMOGLOBIN FROM THE RED CELL DURING HEMOLYSIS

1935 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Ponder ◽  
Douglas Marsland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Permeable Membrane ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Human Red Cells

By means of measurements from cinematograph films of the time taken for human red cells to lose hemoglobin while hemolyzing, it is shown that small concentrations of saponin bring about a relatively small permeability of the cell membrane to the pigment, whereas large concentrations so destroy the membrane that the theoretical time for loss of pigment through a completely permeable membrane (0.16 second) is very nearly attained. These results are in agreement with those obtained from electrical measurements, and the dependence of permeability on lysin concentration can be explained on the basis of what is known about the rate of transformation of lysin as it reacts with the cell envelope. When cells are hemolyzed by hypotonic solutions, on the other hand, the permeability of the membrane to pigment is nearly constant, irrespective of the tonicity used to bring about lysis.

scholarly journals Altered plasma membrane phospholipid organization in Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-407
Author(s):  
RS Schwartz ◽  
JA Olson ◽  
C Raventos-Suarez ◽  
M Yee ◽  
RH Heath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Membrane Phospholipid ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Red Cell Membrane

The intraerythrocytic development of the malaria parasite is accompanied by distinct morphological and biochemical changes in the host cell membrane, yet little is known about development-related alterations in the transbilayer organization of membrane phospholipids in parasitized cells. This question was examined in human red cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Normal red cells were infected with strain FCR3 or with clonal derivatives that either produce (K+) or do not produce (K-) knobby protuberances on the infected red cells. Parasitized cells were harvested at various stages of parasite development, and the bilayer orientation of red cell membrane phospholipids was determined chemically using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) or enzymatically using bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and sphingomyelinase C (SMC). We found that parasite development was accompanied by distinct alterations in the red cell membrane transbilayer distribution of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS). Increases in the exoplasmic membrane leaflet exposure of PE and PS were larger in the late-stage parasitized cells than in the early-stage parasitized cells. Similar results were obtained for PE membrane distribution using either chemical (TNBS) or enzymatic (PLA2 plus SMC) methods, although changes in PS distribution were observed only with TNBS. Uninfected cohort cells derived from mixed populations of infected and uninfected cells exhibited normal patterns of membrane phospholipid organization. The observed alterations in P falciparum-infected red cell membrane phospholipid distribution, which is independent of the presence or absence of knobby protuberances, might be associated with the drastic changes in cell membrane permeability and susceptibility to early hemolysis observed in the late stages of parasite development.

scholarly journals Lipid analyses and fluidity studies by electron spin resonance of red cell membranes in hereditary high red cell membrane phosphatidylcholine hemolytic anemia

Blood ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1129-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Yawata ◽  
T Sugihara ◽  
M Mori ◽  
S Nakashima ◽  
Y Nozawa
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin Resonance ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Electron Spin ◽  
Order Parameter ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Spin Resonance

Abstract Membrane lipid analyses and electron spin resonance (ESR) studies of membrane fluidity were carried out on the red cells of a Japanese patient with hereditary high red cell membrane phosphatidylcholine hemolytic anemia (HPCHA). Increased amounts of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol were found in the membrane lipids of the affected patient, despite normal plasma lipids. The order parameter of cholesterol-free pure phospholipid liposomes prepared from this patient's red cells was decreased, apparently because of the increased PC. In contrast, the order parameter of the total red cell lipid liposomes (containing free cholesterol) was essentially normal. The overall fluidity of the intact red cells was determined by ESR with a spin probe, 5-SAL. Again, the order parameters were normal in the intact red cells of the patient with HPCHA. This suggests that the concomitant increase of membrane cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine serves to maintain normal membrane fluidity in the HPCHA red cells.

scholarly journals Altered plasma membrane phospholipid organization in Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
RS Schwartz ◽  
JA Olson ◽  
C Raventos-Suarez ◽  
M Yee ◽  
RH Heath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Membrane Phospholipid ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Red Cell Membrane

Abstract The intraerythrocytic development of the malaria parasite is accompanied by distinct morphological and biochemical changes in the host cell membrane, yet little is known about development-related alterations in the transbilayer organization of membrane phospholipids in parasitized cells. This question was examined in human red cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Normal red cells were infected with strain FCR3 or with clonal derivatives that either produce (K+) or do not produce (K-) knobby protuberances on the infected red cells. Parasitized cells were harvested at various stages of parasite development, and the bilayer orientation of red cell membrane phospholipids was determined chemically using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) or enzymatically using bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and sphingomyelinase C (SMC). We found that parasite development was accompanied by distinct alterations in the red cell membrane transbilayer distribution of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS). Increases in the exoplasmic membrane leaflet exposure of PE and PS were larger in the late-stage parasitized cells than in the early-stage parasitized cells. Similar results were obtained for PE membrane distribution using either chemical (TNBS) or enzymatic (PLA2 plus SMC) methods, although changes in PS distribution were observed only with TNBS. Uninfected cohort cells derived from mixed populations of infected and uninfected cells exhibited normal patterns of membrane phospholipid organization. The observed alterations in P falciparum-infected red cell membrane phospholipid distribution, which is independent of the presence or absence of knobby protuberances, might be associated with the drastic changes in cell membrane permeability and susceptibility to early hemolysis observed in the late stages of parasite development.

Erythrophagocytosis by the Epithelial Cells of the Bladder

1974 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-573
Author(s):  
J. ST J. WAKEFIELD ◽  
R. M. HICKS
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Transitional Epithelium ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Methane Sulphonate ◽  
Epithelial Tumours ◽  
Membrane Changes

N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), methyl methane sulphonate (MMS), ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and cyclophosphamide (CP) are all cytotoxic to the transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder, and also cause haemorrhage from the subepithelial blood capillaries. Erythrocytes enter the epithelium and are phagocytosed by the epithelial cells where they are subsequently digested. Two other compounds, dibutyl nitrosamine (DBN) and N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)-formamide (NFTF) are only mildly cytotoxic but produce bladder epithelial tumours. Where haemorrhage occurs in these tumours, the erythrocytes are phagocytosed and digested by the neoplastic epithelial cells. The ingested red cells appear to lie free in the epithelial cell cytoplasm, surrounded by only a single unit membrane. Densitometric tracings, however, show that this membrane is derived from the epithelial cells and that the red cells lie within a phagocytic vacuole. Careful inspection reveals the red cell membrane within the dense content of the vacuole, indicating that the permeability of the red cell membrane changes rapidly as soon as it is engulfed, so that haemoglobin is released into the phagocytic vacuole. The contents of the vacuole disintegrate and myelin figures and small amounts of residual dense material appear, but at no time was it possible to demonstrate acid phosphatase activity associated with the vacuole.

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