Numerical Simulation of the Effects of a Thermally Significant Blood Vessel on Freezing by a Circular Surface Cryosurgical Probe Compared With Experimental Data

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Genady Beckerman ◽  
Avraham Shitzer ◽  
David Degani
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Cylindrical Tube ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Cooling Rates ◽  
Flow Rates

The dynamic thermal interaction between a surface cryosurgical probe (heat sink) and an embedded cylindrical tube (heat source), simulating a thermally-significant blood vessel, has been studied. The cryoprobe was operated by liquid nitrogen while the embedded tube was perfused by water at a constant inlet temperature. Previous experimental data were obtained in a phase-changing medium (PCM) made of 30%/70% by volume mashed potato flakes/distilled-water solution. A parametric study was conducted without the embedded tube, and with flow rates of 30 ml/min and 100 ml/min in the tube, while cooling rates at the tip of the cryoprobe were maintained at −4°C/min, −8°C/min, or −12°C/min. Numerical thermal analysis was performed by ANSYS7.0 and showed good conformity to the experimental data. The results quantify the effects of these parameters on both the shape and extent of freezing obtained in the PCM. For 20 min of operation of the cryoprobe, water temperatures inside the tube remained well above the freezing point for all assumed operating conditions. Frozen volumes of the 0°C isotherm, approximating the “frozen front,” and the −40°C isotherm, representing the “lethal temperature,” were smallest for the combination of highest cooling rate at the cryoprobe and the highest flow rate in the tube, (−12°C/min and 100 ml/min). The results indicate that both the flow rates in the embedded tube, and the cooling rates applied at the cryoprobe, have similar qualitative effects on the size of the PCM frozen volumes; increasing either one will cause these volumes to decrease. Under the conditions of this study the effects of flow rate in the tube are more pronounced, however, effecting relative frozen volumes decreases by about 10–20% while those of the cooling rate at the cryoprobe are in the range of 7–14%.

Experimental Investigation of Spray Cooling Heat Transfer on Circular Grooved Surface

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azzam S. Salman ◽  
Jamil A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Flow Rates

An experimental study was conducted in a closed loop spray cooling system working with deionized water as a cooling medium, to investigate the effects of surface modification on the spray cooling heat transfer enhancement in the single-phase region. Plain copper surface with diameter 1.5 cm and an enhanced surface with circular grooves were tested under different operating conditions. The volumetric flow rate of the coolant ranged from 115 mL/min to 177 mL/min., and the water inlet temperature was kept between 21–23 °C. Also, the distances between the nozzle and the target surface were varied at 8, 10, and 12 mm respectively. The results show that the distance between the nozzle and the target surface did not have a significant effect on the heat transfer performance for the low flow rates, while it has a slight effect on high flow rates for both surfaces. Also, increasing the liquid volumetric flow rate increases the amount of heat removed, and the heat transfer coefficient for both surfaces. Moreover, the maximum enhancement ratios achieved were 23.4% and 31% with volumetric flow rates of 153 mL/min, and 177 mL/min respectively.

Subsynchronous Vibration Patterns Under Reduced Oil Supply Flow Rates

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Nichols ◽  
R. L. Fittro ◽  
C. P. Goyne
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Oil Supply ◽  
Bending Mode ◽  
Wide Range

Many high-speed, rotating machines across a wide range of industrial applications depend on fluid film bearings to provide both static support of the rotor and to introduce stabilizing damping forces into the system through a developed hydrodynamic film wedge. Reduced oil supply flow rate to the bearings can cause cavitation, or a lack of a fully developed film layer, at the leading edge of the bearing pads. Reducing oil flow has the well-documented effects of higher bearing operating temperatures and decreased power losses due to shear forces. While machine efficiency may be improved with reduced lubricant flow, little experimental data on its effects on system stability and performance can be found in the literature. This study looks at overall system performance of a test rig operating under reduced oil supply flow rates by observing steady-state bearing performance indicators and baseline vibrational response of the shaft. The test rig used in this study was designed to be dynamically similar to a high-speed industrial compressor. It consists of a 1.55 m long, flexible rotor supported by two tilting pad bearings with a nominal diameter of 70 mm and a span of 1.2 m. The first bending mode is located at approximately 5,000 rpm. The tiling-pad bearings consist of five pads in a vintage, flooded bearing housing with a length to diameter ratio of 0.75, preload of 0.3, and a load-between-pad configuration. Tests were conducted over a number of operating speeds, ranging from 8,000 to 12,000 rpm, and bearing loads, while systematically reducing the oil supply flow rates provided to the bearings under each condition. For nearly all operating conditions, a low amplitude, broadband subsynchronous vibration pattern was observed in the frequency domain from approximately 0–75 Hz. When the test rig was operated at running speeds above its first bending mode, a distinctive subsynchronous peak emerged from the broadband pattern at approximately half of the running speed and at the first bending mode of the shaft. This vibration signature is often considered a classic sign of rotordynamic instability attributed to oil whip and shaft whirl phenomena. For low and moderate load conditions, the amplitude of this 0.5x subsynchronous peak increased with decreasing oil supply flow rate at all operating speeds. Under the high load condition, the subsynchronous peak was largely attenuated. A discussion on the possible sources of this subsynchronous vibration including self-excited instability and pad flutter forced vibration is provided with supporting evidence from thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHD) bearing modeling results. Implications of reduced oil supply flow rate on system stability and operational limits are also discussed.

scholarly journals Analytical and Experimental Investigation of a Plate Fin Heat Exchanger at Cryogenics Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1225-1235
Author(s):  
Ajay K. Gupta ◽  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Ranjit K. Sahoo ◽  
Sunil K. Sarangi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Cryogenic Temperature ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Compact Size

Plate-fin heat exchangers provide a broad range of applications in many cryogenic industries for liquefaction and separation of gasses because of their excellent technical advantages such as high effectiveness, compact size, etc. Correlations are available for the design of a plate-fin heat exchanger, but experimental investigations are few at cryogenic temperature. In the present study, a cryogenic heat exchanger test setup has been designed and fabricated to investigate the performance of plate-fin heat exchanger at cryogenic temperature. Major parameters (Colburn factor, Friction factor, etc.) that affect the performance of plate-fin heat exchangers are provided concisely. The effect of mass flow rate and inlet temperature on the effectiveness and pressure drop of the heat exchanger are investigated. It is observed that with an increase in mass flow rate effectiveness and pressure drop increases. The present setup emphasis the systematic procedure to perform the experiment based on cryogenic operating conditions and represent its uncertainties level.

scholarly journals Thermal Performance and Efficiency of a Mineral Oil Immersed Server Over Varied Environmental Operating Conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Eiland ◽  
John Edward Fernandes ◽  
Marianna Vallejo ◽  
Ashwin Siddarth ◽  
Dereje Agonafer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Bulk Fluid ◽  
Oil Immersion

Complete immersion of servers in dielectric mineral oil has recently become a promising technique for minimizing cooling energy consumption in data centers. However, a lack of sufficient published data and long-term documentation of oil immersion cooling performance make most data center operators hesitant to apply these approaches to their mission critical facilities. In this study, a single server was fully submerged horizontally in mineral oil. Experiments were conducted to observe the effects of varying the volumetric flow rate and oil inlet temperature on thermal performance and power consumption of the server. Specifically, temperature measurements of the central processing units (CPUs), motherboard (MB) components, and bulk fluid were recorded at steady-state conditions. These results provide an initial bounding envelope of environmental conditions suitable for an oil immersion data center. Comparing with results from baseline tests performed with traditional air cooling, the technology shows a 34.4% reduction in the thermal resistance of the system. Overall, the cooling loop was able to achieve partial power usage effectiveness (pPUECooling) values as low as 1.03. This server level study provides a preview of possible facility energy savings by utilizing high temperature, low flow rate oil for cooling. A discussion on additional opportunities for optimization of information technology (IT) hardware and implementation of oil cooling is also included.

Numerical Analysis of the Flow Inside a Centrifugal Compressor’s Vaneless Diffuser and Volute

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hooman Rezaei ◽  
Abraham Engeda ◽  
Paul Haley
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Vaneless Diffuser ◽  
Flow Angle ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Mass Flow Rates ◽  
Minimum Medium ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The objective of this work was to perform numerical analysis of the flow inside a modified single stage CVHF 1280 Trane centrifugal compressor’s vaneless diffuser and volute. Gambit was utilized to read the casing geometry and generating the vaneless diffuser. An unstructured mesh was generated for the path from vaneless diffuser inlet to conic diffuser outlet. At the same time a meanline analysis was performed corresponding to speeds and mass flow rates of the experimental data in order to obtain the absolute velocity and flow angle leaving the impeller for those operating conditions. These values and experimental data were used as inlet and outlet boundary conditions for the simulations. Simulations were performed in Fluent 5.0 for three speeds of 2000, 3000 and 3497 RPM and mass flow rates of minimum, medium and maximum. Results are in good agreement with the experimental ones and present the flow structures inside the vaneless diffuser and volute.

Rotor Damped Natural Frequencies and Stability Under Reduced Oil Supply Flow Rates to Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley R. Nichols ◽  
Roger L. Fittro ◽  
Christopher P. Goyne
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Oil Supply ◽  
Pressure Profiles ◽  
Tilting Pad ◽  
Identification Technique

Reduced oil supply flow rates in fluid film bearings can cause cavitation, or lack of a fully developed film layer, over one or more of the pads due to starvation. Reduced oil flow has the well-documented effects of higher bearing operating temperatures and decreased power losses; however, little experimental data are available on its effects on system stability and dynamic performance. The study looks at the effects of oil supply flow rate on dynamic bearing performance by comparing experimentally identified damped natural frequencies and damping ratios to predictive models. A test rig consisting of a flexible rotor and supported by two tilting pad bearings in flooded housings is utilized in this study. Tests are conducted over a range of supercritical operating speeds and bearing loads while systematically reducing the oil supply flow rates provided to the bearings. Shaft response measured as a magnetic actuator is used to perform sine sweep excitations of the rotor. A single-input, multiple-output system identification technique is then used to obtain frequency response functions (FRFs) and modal parameters. All experimental results are compared to predicted results obtained from bearing models based on thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHD) lubrication theory. Both flooded and starved model flow assumptions are considered and compared to the data. Differences in the predicted trends of the models and the experimental data across varying operating conditions are examined. Predicted pressure profiles and dynamic coefficients from the models are presented to help explain any differences in trends.

An Experimental Study of the Flow of R-407C in an Adiabatic Spiral Capillary Tube

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Mittal ◽  
R. Kumar ◽  
A. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Tube Test ◽  
Mass Flow Rates ◽  
R 134A

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of coiling on the flow characteristics of R-407C in an adiabatic spiral capillary tube. The characteristic coiling parameter for a spiral capillary tube is the coil pitch; hence, the effect of the coil pitch on the mass flow rate of R-407C was studied on several capillary tube test sections. It was observed that the coiling of the capillary tube significantly reduced the mass flow rate of R-407C in the adiabatic spiral capillary tube. In order to quantify the effect of coiling, the experiments were also conducted for straight a capillary tube, and it was observed that the coiling of the capillary tube reduced the mass flow rate in the spiral tube in the range of 9–18% as compared with that in the straight capillary tube. A generalized nondimensional correlation for the prediction of the mass flow rates of various refrigerants was developed for the straight capillary tube on the basis of the experimental data of R-407C of the present study, and the data of R-134a, R-22, and R-410A measured by other researchers. Additionally, a refrigerant-specific correlation for the spiral capillary was also proposed on the basis of the experimental data of R-407C of the present study.

Prediction of Ingestion Through Turbine Rim Seals—Part II: Externally Induced and Combined Ingress

2010 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michael Owen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Swirling Flows ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Good Agreement

Ingress of hot gas through the rim seals of gas turbines can be modeled theoretically using the so-called orifice equations. In Part I of this two-part paper, the orifice equations were derived for compressible and incompressible swirling flows, and the incompressible equations were solved for axisymmetric rotationally induced (RI) ingress. In Part II, the incompressible equations are solved for nonaxisymmetric externally induced (EI) ingress and for combined EI and RI ingress. The solutions show how the nondimensional ingress and egress flow rates vary with Θ0, the ratio of the flow rate of sealing air to the flow rate necessary to prevent ingress. For EI ingress, a “saw-tooth model” is used for the circumferential variation of pressure in the external annulus, and it is shown that ε, the sealing effectiveness, depends principally on Θ0; the theoretical variation of ε with Θ0 is similar to that found in Part I for RI ingress. For combined ingress, the solution of the orifice equations shows the transition from RI to EI ingress as the amplitude of the circumferential variation of pressure increases. The predicted values of ε for EI ingress are in good agreement with the available experimental data, but there are insufficient published data to validate the theory for combined ingress.

Prediction of Ingestion Through Turbine Rim Seals—Part 2: Externally-Induced and Combined Ingress

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michael Owen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Swirling Flow ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Good Agreement

Ingress of hot gas through the rim seals of gas turbines can be modelled theoretically using the so-called orifice equations. In Part 1 (ASME GT 2009-59121) of this two-part paper, the orifice equations were derived for compressible and incompressible swirling flow, and the incompressible equations were solved for axisymmetric rotationally-induced (RI) ingress. In Part 2, the incompressible equations are solved for non-axisymmetric externally-induced (EI) ingress and for combined EI and RI ingress. The solutions show how the nondimensional ingress and egress flow rates vary with Θ0, the ratio of the flow rate of sealing air to the flow rate necessary to prevent ingress. For EI ingress, a ‘saw-tooth model’ is used for the circumferential variation of pressure in the external annulus, and it is shown that ε, the sealing effectiveness, depends principally on Θ0; the theoretical variation of ε with Θ0 is similar to that found in Part 1 for RI ingress. For combined ingress, the solution of the orifice equations shows the transition from RI to EI ingress as the amplitude of the circumferential variation of pressure increases. The predicted values of ε for EI ingress are in good agreement with available experimental data, but there are insufficient published data to validate the theory for combined ingress.

Performance Analysis on the Internally Cooled Dehumidifier Using Two Liquid Desiccant Solutions

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. Koronaki ◽  
R. I. Christodoulaki ◽  
V. D. Papaefthimiou ◽  
E. D. Rogdakis
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Heat And Mass Transfer ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Liquid Desiccant ◽  
Internally Cooled

Liquid desiccant air conditioning systems have recently been attracting attention due to their capability of handling the latent load without super-cooling and then reheating the air, as happens in a conventional compression-type air conditioning system. This paper presents the results from a study of the performance of an internally cooled liquid desiccant dehumidifier. A plate heat exchanger is proposed as the internally cooled element of the dehumidifier and water as the cooling fluid. The desiccant solution is sprayed into the internally cooled dehumidifier from the top and flows down by gravity. At the same time, fresh humid air is blown from the bottom or top, counter-flowing or co-flowing with the desiccant solution. The desiccant is in direct contact with the air, allowing for heat and mass transfer. The cooling water, flowing inside the plates of the dehumidifier, carries out the heat of the crossed air and solution. A heat and mass transfer theoretical model has been developed, based on the Runge-Kutta fixed step method, to predict the performance of the device under various operating conditions. Experimental data from previous literature have been used to validate the model. Excellent agreement has been found between experimental tests and the theoretical model, with the deviation not exceeding ±4.1% for outlet air temperature and ±4.0% for outlet humidity ratio. Following the validation of the mathematical model, the dominating effects on the absorption process have been discussed in detail. Namely, effects of flow configuration, air inlet temperature, humidity and flow rate, as well as desiccant inlet temperature, concentration and flow rate have been investigated against the dehumidification rate and the cooling efficiency. The two most commonly used liquid desiccant solutions, namely LiCl and LiBr have been also evaluated against each other. The results suggested that high dehumidification mass rate can be achieved under counter flow between air and solution, low air mass flow rates, low cooling water temperature, low desiccant temperature and LiCl as the desiccant solution.

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