On the Scaling of Low-Velocity Perforation of Mild Steel Plates

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Jones ◽  
R. S. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Ductile Deformation ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Scale Range ◽  
Simple Equations ◽  
The Impact

Experimental results are reported for the perforation of geometrically similar fully clamped circular and square mild steel plates struck transversely by cylindrical projectiles having blunt, conical, and hemispherical noses. The striking masses are much heavier than the corresponding plate mass and travel with initial impact velocities up to about 12m∕s. The blunt projectiles perforate the plating easiest, while the hemispherical-nosed ones require the greatest energy. The perforation energy of a conical-nosed projectile is somewhat less than that for a hemispherical-nosed one. The data are used to explore the validity of the geometrically similar scaling laws over a geometric scale range of 4. The experimental results are compared to the empirical equations for the impact perforation of plates and with theoretical rigid-plastic predictions for the large ductile deformation behavior of those test specimens, which did not suffer cracking or perforation. The experimental results satisfy the requirements of geometrically similar scaling and some simple equations are presented, which are useful for design purposes.

A Study on the Large Ductile Deformations and Perforation of Mild Steel Plates Struck by a Mass—Part I: Experimental Results

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Jones ◽  
S.-B. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Ductile Deformation ◽  
Circular Boundary ◽  
Mass Part ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

An experimental study is reported on the ductile deformation and perforation of plates struck at the center by solid cylindrical projectiles having the longitudinal axis normal to the plate surface. The plates, which are made from 4 to 8-mm-thick mild steel sheet, are fully clamped around a circular boundary and are struck by projectiles having blunt ends and traveling with impact velocities within the range 7.7–118.9 m/s. Comparisons are made in Part II with the static perforation behavior and with previously published experimental results and several empirical equations for the impact case. A new empirical equation, which retains the influence of the impact velocity on the perforation energy, is also proposed in Part II.

An Experimental Study on the Lateral Impact of Fully Clamped Mild Steel Pipes

1992 ◽  
Vol 206 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Jones ◽  
S E Birch ◽  
R S Birch ◽  
L Zhu ◽  
M Brown
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Lateral Impact ◽  
Drop Hammer ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Scale Range ◽  
The Impact

This report presents some experimental data that were recorded from 130 impact tests on mild steel pipes in two drop hammer rigs. The pipes were fully clamped across a span which was ten times the corresponding outside pipe diameters which lie between 22 and 324 mm. All of the pipes except five had wall thicknesses of 2 mm approximately and were impacted laterally by a rigid wedge indenter at the mid span, one-quarter span or near to a support. The impact velocities ranged up to 14 m/s and caused various failure modes. Some comparisons between two sets of experimental results indicate that the laws of geometrically similar scaling are almost satisfied over a scale range of approximately five.

Response of Mild Steel Pipes Under High Mass Low Velocity Impacts

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamsoon Fareed ◽  
Ian May
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Impact Tests ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Accidental loads, for example, due to heavy dropped objects, impact from the trawl gear and anchors of fishing vessels can cause damage to pipelines on the sea bed. The amount of damage will depend on the impact energy. The indentation will be localized at the contact area of the pipe and the impacting object, however, an understanding of the extent of the damage due to an impact is required so that if one should occur in practice an assessment can be made to determine if remedial action needs to be taken to ensure that the pipeline is still serviceable. There are a number of parameters, including the pipe cross section and impact energy, which influence the impact behaviour of a pipe. This paper describes the response, and assesses the damage, of mild steel pipes under high mass low velocity impacts. For this purpose full scale impacts tests were carried out on mild steel pipe having diameter of 457 mm, thickness of 25.4 mm and length of 2000 mm. The pipe was restrained along the base and a 2 tonnes mass with sharp impactor having a vertical downward velocity of 3870 mm/sec was used to impact the pipe transversely with an impact energy of 16 kJ. It was found from the impact tests that a smooth indentation was produced in the pipe. The impact tests were then used for validation of the non-linear dynamic implicit analyses using the finite element analysis software ABAQUS. Deformations at the impact zone, the rebound velocity, etc, recorded in the tests and the results of the finite element analysis were found to be in good agreement. The impact tests and finite element analyses described in this paper will help to improve the understanding of the response of steel pipes under impact loading and can be used as a benchmark for further finite element modelling of impacts on pipes.

scholarly journals Numerical and Experimental Results on Charpy Tests for Blends Polypropylene + Polyamide + Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (PP+PA+EDPM)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalin Pirvu ◽  
Andreea Elena Musteata ◽  
George Ghiocel Ojoc ◽  
Lorena Deleanu
Keyword(s):  
Equivalent Plastic Strain ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Charpy Test ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents results from numerical and experimental investigation on Charpy tests in order to point out failure mechanisms and to evaluate new polymeric blends PP+PA6+EPDM. Charpy tests were done for initial velocity of the impactor of 0.96 m/s and its mass of 3.219 kg and these data were also introduced in the finite element model. The proposed model take into account the system of four balls, including support and the ring of fixing the three balls and it has a finer discretization of the impact area to highlight the mechanisms of failure and their development in time. The constitutive models for four materials (polypropylene with 1% Kritilen, two blends PP+PA6+EPDM and a blend PA6+EPDM) were derived from tensile tests. Running simulations for each constitutive model of material makes possible to differentiate the destruction mechanisms according to the material introduced in the simulation, including the initiation and the development of the crack(s), based on equivalent plastic strain at break (EPS) for each material. The validation of the model and the simulation results was done qualitatively, analysing the shape of broken surfaces and comparing them to SEM images and quantitatively by comparing the impact duration, energy absorbed by the sample, the value of maximum force during impact. The duration of the destruction of the specimen is longer than the actual one, explainable by the fact that the material model does not take into account the influence of the material deformation speed in Charpy test, the model being designed with the help of tests done at 0.016 m/s (1000 mm/min) (maximum strain rate for the tensile tests). Experimental results are encouraging for recommending the blends 20% PP+42% PA6+28% EPDM and 60% PA6+ 40%EPDM as materials for impact protection at low velocity (1m/s). Simulation results are closer to the experimental ones for the more brittle tested materials (with less content of PA6 and EPDM) and more distanced for the more ductile materials (with higher content of PA6 and EPDM).

Response and Failure of Ductile Circular Plates Struck by a Mass

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Jones ◽  
S.-B. Kim ◽  
Q. M. Li
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Circular Plates ◽  
Plastic Response

A theoretical analysis is presented in this paper to predict the dynamic plastic response of aluminium alloy and mild steel circular plates when struck normally by blunt solid cylindrical masses at the center. Reasonable agreement is obtained with experimental results for the permanent transverse displacements. Different failure mechanisms, which have been found in previous experimental studies on aluminium alloy and mild steel plates, are also illustrated by the proposed theory.

Influence of impactor nature, mass, size and shape on ballistic resistance of mild steel and Armox 500 T steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senthil Kasilingam ◽  
Mohd Ashraf Iqbal ◽  
Rupali Senthil
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Steel Plate ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Hardened Steel ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Material Parameters ◽  
Ballistic Resistance ◽  
Steel Target ◽  
Mass Size ◽  
The Impact

This study is based on the finite element investigation of the response of mild steel and Armox 500 T steel targets subjected to macro- and micro-size impactor. The simulations were carried out on target against penetrator with varying masses, sizes, shapes and different nature (rigid and deformable projectiles) using ABAQUS/Explicit. The material parameters of Johnson–Cook elasto-viscoplastic model were employed for predicting the behaviour of the target. The impact resistance of mild steel and Armox 500 T steel plates has been studied against flat nose having masses of 4, 8, 13.5, 27, 32 and 64 kg. The influence of temperature has also been studied numerically for particular penetrator. To study the influence of nature of projectile, the simulations were performed on mild steel and Armox 500 T steel targets against deformable 2024 aluminium flat, hardened steel flat and hardened steel conical impactors at 950 and 150 m/s incidence velocities. Also, the simulations were carried out on given target against 7.62 and 12.7 mm armour piercing incendiary ogival nose projectiles. The performance of (4.7 + 4.7 mm) 9.4-mm-thick equivalent mild steel and Armox 500 T steel plate in combination has also been studied against 7.62 armour piercing incendiary ogival nose projectiles at 950 and 150 m/s incidence velocities. The study thus presents a detailed investigation in terms of penetration, perforation and failure mechanism of mild steel and Armox 500 T steel target and leads to some important conclusions pertaining to the force and resistance offered by the target.

A Study on the Large Ductile Deformations and Perforation of Mild Steel Plates Struck by a Mass—Part II: Discussion

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Jones ◽  
S.-B. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Empirical Formulas ◽  
Mass Part ◽  
The Impact

An experimental study into the ductile deformations and static and impact perforation of mild steel plates is reported in Part I. These results are discussed in this article and compared with other experimental data reported in the literature. The accuracy of various empirical formulas for the impact perforation of plates is also examined.

scholarly journals Numerical and Experimental Results on Charpy Tests for Blends Polypropylene + Polyamide + Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (PP + PA + EPDM)

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5837
Author(s):  
Cătălin Pîrvu ◽  
Andreea Elena Musteată ◽  
George Ghiocel Ojoc ◽  
Lorena Deleanu
Keyword(s):  
Equivalent Plastic Strain ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Charpy Test ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents results from numerical and experimental investigation on Charpy tests in order to point out failure mechanisms and to evaluate new polymeric blends PP + PA6 + EPDM. Charpy tests were done for initial velocity of the impactor of 0.96 m/s and its mass of 3.219 kg and these data were also introduced in the finite element model. The proposed model takes into account the system of four balls, including support and the ring of fixing the three balls and it has a finer discretization of the impact area to highlight the mechanisms of failure and their development in time. The constitutive models for four materials (polypropylene with 1% Kritilen, two blends PP + PA6 + EPDM and a blend PA6 + EPDM) were derived from tensile tests. Running simulations for each constitutive model of material makes possible to differentiate the destruction mechanisms according to the material introduced in the simulation, including the initiation and the development of the crack(s), based on equivalent plastic strain at break (EPS) for each material. The validation of the model and the simulation results were done qualitatively, analyzing the shape of broken surfaces and comparing them to SEM images and quantitatively by comparing the impact duration, energy absorbed by the sample, the value of maximum force during impact. The duration of the destruction of the specimen is longer than the actual one, explainable by the fact that the material model does not take into account the influence of the material deformation speed in Charpy test, the model being designed with the help of tests done at 0.016 m/s (1000 mm/min) (maximum strain rate for the tensile tests). Experimental results are encouraging for recommending the blends 20% PP + 42% PA6 + 28% EPDM and 60% PA6 + 40% EPDM as materials for impact protection at low velocity (1 m/s). Simulation results are closer to the experimental ones for the more brittle tested materials (with less content of PA6 and EPDM) and more distanced for the more ductile materials (with higher content of PA6 and EPDM).

scholarly journals Experimental Characterisation of Thin Sandwich Panel of Polymer Composite

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 096369350601500
Author(s):  
Prashant Kumar ◽  
Axay Kumar ◽  
Kamal K. Kar ◽  
J. Ramkumar
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Sandwich Panel ◽  
Sandwich Panels ◽  
Flexural Stiffness ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Plane Shear ◽  
Considerable Saving ◽  
Chopped Strand Mat ◽  
Mechanism Of Failure ◽  
The Impact

A thin sandwich panel using 3 mm coremat and FRP skins of glassfibre chopped strand mat – epoxy was constructed through the hand lay-up technique. This kind of sandwich structure might replace a mild steel sheet enclosure used in many appliances and machines including auto bodies. The sandwich panels were characterized with three kinds of experimental investigation to find (i) flexural stiffness (ii) in-plane shear strength and (iii) impact-induced-damage by a low velocity foreign object. In comparison to mild steel, the sandwich panels were lighter with considerable saving in weight, the static strength was found to be attractively higher, flexural stiffness was better, and in-plane strength was reasonable. The impact-induced-damage and their mechanism of failure of these sandwich panels is also studied.

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