A Method for the Extrapolation of Calibration Data of PTC 6 Throat Tap Nozzles

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Murdock ◽  
D. R. Keyser
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Precise Method ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Coefficient Of Discharge

This paper describes a precise method for extrapolating the coefficient of discharge of PTC 6 throat tap nozzles using all or most of the calibration data. The theoretical basis for this method is described in a parallel paper [3]. Numerical examples are given using actual calibration data to describe this method. Because this method permits the use of all calibration data at or above Reynolds numbers of 1,000,000, it is a clear improvement over the PTC 6-1976 method, which permits only the highest single point.

Theoretical Basis for Extrapolation of Calibration Data of PTC 6 Throat Tap Nozzles

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Murdock ◽  
D. R. Keyser
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Boundary Layer Theory ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Maximum Difference ◽  
Calibration Laboratory

Equations for the extrapolation of calibration data for ASME/PTC 6 throat tap nozzles are derived from boundary layer theory. The results match published coefficients with a maximum difference of +0.03 percent. It is also shown that the effects of transition in the boundary layer extend to throat Reynolds numbers in excess of 10,000,000, far beyond the capacity of any known calibration laboratory. The present PTC 6 requirement that calibration data must be in the fully turbulent range cannot be met with current facilities.

THE SAFETY OF TANKERS AND SINGLE POINT MOORING DURING LOADING OPERATIONS

Transport ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vytautas Paulauskas
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Offshore Platforms ◽  
Port Facilities

Single point mooring (SPM) is used when typical port facilities cannot be applied. Offshore platforms and terminals producing oil and gas are the places where SPM can be employed. Accidents with SPM equipment and ships occurring during loading or unloading operations are very dangerous and may cause serious losses due to the high prices of tankers and facilities and because of polluting the environment with poisonous materials. Any possibilities of decreasing risk and increasing safety are very important. This paper presents the analysis of dangerous situations with tankers and SPM, discusses theoretical basis for study and makes practical calculations and recommendations on decreasing accidence probability during loading operations.

Field Calibration of Orifice Meters for Natural Gas Flow

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
V. C. Ting ◽  
J. J. S. Shen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Critical Flow ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Discharge Coefficients ◽  
Sand Hills ◽  
Natural Gas Flow

This paper presents the orifice calibration results for nominal 15.24, 10.16, and 5.08-cm (6, 4, 2-in.) orifice meters conducted at the Chevron’s Sand Hills natural gas flow measurement facility in Crane, Texas. Over 200 test runs were collected in a field environment to study the accuracy of the orifice meters. Data were obtained at beta ratios ranging from 0.12 to 0.74 at the nominal conditions of 4576 kPa and 27°C (650 psig and 80°F) with a 0.57 specific gravity processed, pipeline quality natural gas. A bank of critical flow nozzles was used as the flow rate proving device to calibrate the orifice meters. Orifice discharge coefficients were computed with ANSI/API 2530-1985 (AGA3) and ISO 5167/ASME MFC-3M-1984 equations for every set of data points. The uncertainty of the calibration system was analyzed according to The American National Standard (ANSI/ASME MFC-2M-A1983). The 10.16 and 5.08-cm (4 and 2-in.) orifice discharge coefficients agreed with the ANSI and ISO standards within the estimated uncertainty level. However, the 15.24-cm (6-in.) meter deviated up to − 2 percent at a beta ratio of 0.74. With the orifice bore Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 9 million, the Sand Hills calibration data bridge the gap between the Ohio State water data at low Reynolds numbers and Chevron’s high Reynolds number test data taken at a larger test facility in Venice, Louisiana. The test results also successfully demonstrated that orifice meters can be accurately proved with critical flow nozzles under realistic field conditions.

scholarly journals Breakup of bubbles in Advanced-Flow Reactor at low Reynolds numbers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zuoyi ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
Yan Zhongyi ◽  
tianming Chen ◽  
wenyi Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Low Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Bubble Breakup ◽  
Low Reynolds ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Modified Equation

In order to study the behavior and mechanism of the bubble breakup in Advanced-Flow Reactor (AFR), visualization experimental study was carried out in a single Corning G1 module. The results show that the breakup behavior in AFR has a significant regularity at low Reynolds numbers (Re<1000), which is closely related to the capillary number Ca and the virtual length l0 of bubbles, and the criterions is also obtained. Most of bubbles in arc-shaped junction divergence of AFR are breakup with permanent obstruction (POB), which could be divided into two stages: squeezing stage and rapid pinch-off stage. The modified equation obtained in this paper can roughly describe the change of the bubble neck at the squeezing stage of POB. The research results provide a theoretical basis for industrial application of AFR and the development of next-generation reactors.

A Theory of Sharp-Edged Orifices

1937 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. A53-A54
Author(s):  
W. E. Howland
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Low Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Circular Orifice ◽  
Coefficient Of Discharge ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The author presents a figure in which the coefficient of discharge Cd, velocity Cv, and contraction Cc determined by several investigators are plotted logarithmically as points against Reynolds’ numbers. Curves for the coefficients drawn by the author, based on theoretical considerations, show good agreement with the experimental data, thus throwing some light upon the basic phenomena of the discharge of sharp-edged orifices. The variation of the coefficient of discharge of a circular orifice as a function of the Reynolds number is explained as a purely viscous phenomenon for low Reynolds numbers, and by means of a momentum analysis for higher speeds. The analysis presented by the author leads to the development of several formulas for the discharge coefficient, which formulas are in fair agreement with experimental results.

Transition of Mixtures of Polymers in a Dilute Aqueous Solution

1970 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. White ◽  
D. M. McEligot
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Turbulent Regime ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Molecular Weight Polymer ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solution

Data are presented for the flow of deionized water solutions of linear, unbranched polymers—Separan AP-30, Polyox WSR-35 and Polyox WSR-301, and mixtures of the latter two in a 0.0235 in. tube. The Reynolds numbers vary from about 1200 to about 12,000. Measurements were made at 4 deg C and near room temperature. Occurrence of transition is confirmed by oscillograph traces and pressure ratio calculations in addition to the usual “break” on a friction factor-Reynolds number graph. From the calibration data, it appears that for small tubes there is a critical parameter, such as molecular weight or polymer length, below which transition occurs as for water, but above which the transition Reynolds number depends on polymer concentration. The low and high polymers were mixed to vary molecular weight distribution of samples. It was found that the higher molecular weight polymer dominates the transition process, but in the turbulent regime the effects are roughly additive.

Quadrant-Edge Orifice and Performance at Very High Reynolds Numbers

1966 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Ramamoorthy ◽  
K. Seetharamiah
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
High Reynolds Numbers ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Reynolds ◽  
Coefficient Of Discharge ◽  
Very High

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the discharge coefficient of a quadrant-edge orifice meter at high Reynolds numbers (in the range of 20,000 to 600,000). Results show that the coefficient of discharge can be related qualitatively with the drag of a cylinder in an infinite fluid medium. Results regarding upper constancy limit and reproducibility are also furnished.

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