Gaseous and Particulate Emissions From Diesel Locomotive Engines

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Fritz ◽  
G. R. Cataldi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Diesel Locomotive ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Low Sulfur

Steady-state gaseous and particulate emissions data are presented from two 12-cylinder diesel locomotive engines. The two laboratory engines, a EMD 645E3B and a GE 7FDL, are rated at 1860 kW (2500 hp) and are representative of the majority of the locomotive fleet in North America. Each engine was tested for total hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate. Emissions were measured at all steady-state operating conditions that make up the eight discrete locomotive throttle notch positions, plus idle, low idle, and dynamic brake. Emissions are reported for each engine with two different diesel fuels: a baseline diesel fuel with a sulfur content of 0.33 weight percent, and a commercially available low-sulfur diesel fuel with a sulfur content of 0.01 weight percent.

The Effect of Injection Timing, Enhanced Aftercooling, and Low-Sulfur, Low-Aromatic Diesel Fuel on Locomotive Exhaust Emissions

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. O. Markworth ◽  
S. G. Fritz ◽  
G. R. Cataldi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Low Sulfur

An experimental study was performed to demonstrate the fuel economy and exhaust emissions implications of retarding fuel injection timing, enhancing charge air aftercooling, and using low-sulfur, low-aromatic diesel fuel for locomotive engines. Steady-state gaseous and particulate emissions data are presented from two 12-cylinder diesel locomotive engines. The two laboratory engines, an EMD 645E3B and a GE 7FDL, are each rated at 1860 kW (2500 hp) and represent the majority of the locomotive fleet in North America. Each engine was tested for total hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate. Emissions were measured at three steady-state operating conditions: rated speed and load, idle, and an intermediate speed and load. Test results on the EMD engine indicate that a 4 deg injection timing retard, along with a low-sulfur, low-aromatic fuel and enhanced aftercooling, was effective in reducing NOx from 10.5 g/hp-h to 7.2 g/hp-h; however, particulates increased from 0.15 g/hp-h to 0.19 g/hp-h, and fuel efficiency was 4.3 percent worse. Similar observations were made with the GE engine. This paper gives details on the test engines, the measurement procedures, and the emissions results.

Exhaust Emissions From a 1,500 kW EMD 16-645-E Locomotive Diesel Engine Using Several Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuels

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Fritz ◽  
John C. Hedrick ◽  
Brian E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Aromatic Content ◽  
Low Sulfur

This paper documents results from an experimental study performed to determine the effects of several ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuels (< 15 ppm S) on exhaust emissions from a 1,500 kW EMD 16-645-E, roots-blown, diesel locomotive engine. U.S. EPA-regulated emission levels of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate (PM) were measured using U.S. EPA locomotive test procedures while operating on four ULSD fuels, plus a fifth baseline fuel which was a commercially-available Federal on-highway diesel fuel (< 500 ppm). The four ULSD fuels were (1) a ULSD California motor vehicle diesel fuel (CARB fuel) with an aromatic content of less than 10 percent, (2) a ULSD “equivalent” California motor vehicle diesel fuel with an aromatic content of 24 percent, (3 and 4) two custom blended “2006 ULSD Federal” diesel fuels with relatively low Cetane Numbers and higher aromatic levels. This paper reports the changes observed in the regulated exhaust emission levels between the ULSD CARB diesel fuels and the ULSD Federal diesel fuels.

scholarly journals Effects of Fuel Sulfur Content and Dilution Conditions on Engine PM Emissions under Transient Conditions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin R. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Dilution Ratio ◽  
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Transient Conditions ◽  
Particle Sizer ◽  
Low Sulfur

The U.S. has introduced ultra low sulfur diesel fuel in 2007 and by 2010 will completely replace the current low-sulfur diesel fuel which has a sulfur content of less than 500 ppm. As a result, most diesel engines, including new and aged ones, are currently implementing ULSD. Thus, it is important to understand how ULSD will affect these engines’ emissions, especially under transient conditions when the load, speed, exhaust gas temperature, and primary dilution ratio change continuously. This study is to assess the effects of fuel sulfur content and aging condition on PM emissions under transient conditions. Combinations of fuels and primary dilutions were used. The primary dilution was accomplished by a CFV-CVS, a system which maintains proportional sampling throughout temperature excursions and is designed for engine emission certification. Data were collected by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer and an Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer for steady-state and transient testing, respectively. Although the steady-state results show reasonable agreement with previous studies, the transient results display significant discrepancy when ULSD and LSD were used with the high primary dilution ratio.

scholarly journals Emissions and In-Cylinder Combustion Characteristics of Fischer-Tropsch and Conventional Diesel Fuels in a Modern CI Engine

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander G. Sappok ◽  
Jeremy T. Llaniguez ◽  
Joseph Acar ◽  
Victor W. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Derived from natural gas, coal, and even biomass Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuels have a number of very desirable properties. The potential for emissions reduction with F-T diesel fuels in laboratory engine tests and on-road vehicle tests is well documented. While a number of chemical and physical characteristics of F-T fuels have been attributed to the observed reduction in emissions, the actual effects of both the fuel properties and in-cylinder combustion characteristics in modern diesel engines are still not well understood. In this study a 2002, six-cylinder, 5.9 liter, Cummins ISB 300 diesel engine, outfitted with an in-cylinder pressure transducer. was subjected to a subset of the Euro III 13-mode test cycle under steady-state operating conditions. Emissions and in-cylinder pressure measurements were conducted for neat F-T diesel, low sulfur diesel (LSD), ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), and a blend of FT/LSD. In addition, a detailed chemical analysis of the fuels was carried out. The differences in the measured combustion characteristics and fuel properties were compared to the emissions variations between the fuels studied, and an explanation for the observed emissions behavior of the fuels was developed.

scholarly journals Modelling of Diesel fuel properties through its surrogates using Perturbed-Chain, Statistical Associating Fluid Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1118-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Vidal ◽  
Carlos Rodriguez ◽  
Phoevos Koukouvinis ◽  
Manolis Gavaises ◽  
Mark A McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Group Contribution ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Liquid Density ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Statistical Associating Fluid Theory ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Fluid Theory

The Perturbed-Chain, Statistical Associating Fluid Theory equation of state is utilised to model the effect of pressure and temperature on the density, volatility and viscosity of four Diesel surrogates; these calculated properties are then compared to the properties of several Diesel fuels. Perturbed-Chain, Statistical Associating Fluid Theory calculations are performed using different sources for the pure component parameters. One source utilises literature values obtained from fitting vapour pressure and saturated liquid density data or from correlations based on these parameters. The second source utilises a group contribution method based on the chemical structure of each compound. Both modelling methods deliver similar estimations for surrogate density and volatility that are in close agreement with experimental results obtained at ambient pressure. Surrogate viscosity is calculated using the entropy scaling model with a new mixing rule for calculating mixture model parameters. The closest match of the surrogates to Diesel fuel properties provides mean deviations of 1.7% in density, 2.9% in volatility and 8.3% in viscosity. The Perturbed-Chain, Statistical Associating Fluid Theory results are compared to calculations using the Peng–Robinson equation of state; the greater performance of the Perturbed-Chain, Statistical Associating Fluid Theory approach for calculating fluid properties is demonstrated. Finally, an eight-component surrogate, with properties at high pressure and temperature predicted with the group contribution Perturbed-Chain, Statistical Associating Fluid Theory method, yields the best match for Diesel properties with a combined mean absolute deviation of 7.1% from experimental data found in the literature for conditions up to 373°K and 500 MPa. These results demonstrate the predictive capability of a state-of-the-art equation of state for Diesel fuels at extreme engine operating conditions.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Almond Biodiesel-Diesel Blends for Diesel Engine in Terms of Performance and Emissions

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidal H. Abu-Hamdeh ◽  
Khaled A. Alnefaie
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Unburned Fuel

This paper investigates the opportunity of using almond oil as a renewable and alternative fuel source. Different fuel blends containing 10, 30, and 50% almond biodiesel (B10, B30, and B50) with diesel fuel (B0) were prepared and the influence of these blends on emissions and some performance parameters under various load conditions were inspected using a diesel engine. Measured engine performance parameters have generally shown a slight increase in exhaust gas temperature and in brake specific fuel consumption and a slight decrease in brake thermal efficiency. Gases investigated were carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Furthermore, the concentration of the total particulate and the unburned fuel emissions in the exhaust gas were tested. A blend of almond biodiesel with diesel fuel gradually reduced the engine CO and total particulate emissions compared to diesel fuel alone. This reduction increased with more almond biodiesel blended into the fuel. Finally, a slight increase in engineNOxusing blends of almond biodiesel was measured.

scholarly journals A Study on Water-Induced Damage Severity on Diesel Engine Injection System Using Emulsified Diesel Fuels

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 2285
Author(s):  
Min-Seop Kim ◽  
Ugochukwu Ejike Akpudo ◽  
Jang-Wook Hur
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Diesel Fuel Injection

Diesel engine emissions contribute nearly 30% of greenhouse effects and diverse health and environmental problems. Amidst these problems, it is estimated that there will be a 75% increase in energy demand for transportation by 2040, of which diesel fuel constitutes a major source of energy for transportation. Being a major source of air pollution, efforts are currently being made to curb the pollution spread. The use of water-in-diesel (W/D)-emulsified fuels comes as a readily available (and cost-effective) option with other benefits including engine thermal efficiency, reduced costs, and NOx reduction; nonetheless, the inherent effects—power loss, component wear, corrosion, etc. still pose strong concerns. This study investigates the behavior and damage severity of a common rail (CR) diesel fuel injection system using exploratory and statistical methods under different W/D emulsion conditions and engine speeds. Results reveal that the effect of W/D emulsion fuels on engine operating conditions are reflected in the CR, which provides a reliable avenue for condition monitoring. Also, the effect of W/D emulsion on injection system components-piston, nozzle needle, and ball seat–are presented alongside related discussions.

Coal–Water Slurry Operation in an EMD Diesel Engine

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Urban ◽  
H. E. Mecredy ◽  
T. W. Ryan ◽  
M. N. Ingalls ◽  
B. T. Jett
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Coal Slurry ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Coal Burning

The U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center has assumed a leadership role in the development of coal-burning diesel engines. The motivation for this work is obvious when one considers the magnitude of the domestic reserves of coal and the widespread use of diesel engines. The work reported in this paper represents the preliminary engine experiments leading to the development of a coal-burning, medium-speed diesel engine. The basis of this development effort is a two-stroke, 900 rpm, 216-mm (8.5-in.) bore engine manufactured by Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation. The engine, in a minimally modified form, has been operated for several hours on a slurry of 50 percent (by mass) coal in water. Engine operation was achieved in this configuration using a pilot injection of diesel fuel to ignite the main charge of slurry. A standard unit injector, slightly modified by increasing diametric clearances in the injector pump and nozzle tip, was used to inject the slurry. Under the engine operating conditions evaluated, the combustion efficiency of the coal and the NOx emissions were lower than, and the particulate emissions were higher than, corresponding diesel fuel results. These initial results, achieved without optimizing the system on the coal slurry, demonstrate the potential for utilizing coal slurry fuels.

Tailor Made Biofuels: Effect of Fuel Properties on the Soot Microstructure and Consequences on Particle Filter Regeneration

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om Parkash Bhardwaj ◽  
Bernhard Lüers ◽  
Andreas F. Kolbeck ◽  
Thomas Koerfer ◽  
Florian Kremer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Soot Oxidation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Soot Emission ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
The Future ◽  
Dpf Regeneration

In recent years a lot of effort has been made to understand the phenomena of Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) regeneration processes but less attention has been paid to understand the influence of fuel properties on soot reactivity and its consequence on the DPF regeneration behavior. Within the Cluster of Excellence “Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass (TMFB)” at RWTH Aachen University, the Institute for Combustion Engines carried out a detailed investigation program to explore the potential of future biofuel candidates for optimized combustion systems. These new biofuels are being developed to realize partially homogeneous low-temperature combustion, in order to reduce the emission and fuel consumption to meet future requirements. The chemical structure of these new fuels may impact the thermal decomposition chemistry and hence the in-cylinder particulate formation conditions. This work fundamentally focusses the influence of fuel properties on particulate matter reactivity and, thereby, the regeneration behavior of the diesel particulate filters (DPF). The experiments for particulate measurements and analysis were conducted, under constant engine operating conditions, on a EURO 6 compliant High Efficiency Combustion System (HECS) fuelled with petroleum based diesel fuel as baseline and today’s biofuels like FAME and Fischer Tropsch fuels as well as potential biomass derived fuel candidates being researched in TMFB. Several different methods were used for analysis of mass, composition, structure and spectroscopic parameters of the soot. The graphitic microstructure visible with high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was compared to the results of X-Ray diffraction (XRD), optical light absorption measurement and elementary analysis of samples. The results indicate that combustion with increasing fuel oxygenation produces decreasing engine-out particulate emissions. The ranking of activation energies of soot oxidation analysis from LGB experiments correspond well with the ranking of the soot physico-chemical properties. In comparison to petroleum based diesel fuel, the reduction of engine out soot emission by a factor of five with the use of the future biomass derived fuel candidate was accompanied by ten times reduction of the soot volume based absorption coefficient and two times reduction of carbon to hydrogen ratio. As a result of it, the activation energy of soot oxidation in DPF reduced by ∼ 10 KJ/mol. The reduced engine out soot emission and increased reactivity of the soot from the future biomass derived fuel candidate could cause a significant reduction of thermal DPF regenerations.

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