Tool-Work Thermocouple Temperature Measurements—Theory and Implementation Issues

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Machining System ◽  
Thermocouple Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Thermocouple Temperature ◽  
Tools Wear

Since cutting tools wear by temperature-activated mechanisms, it would be desirable to make tool temperature measurements during machinability tests. However, none of the laboratory methods for measuring temperatures reported in the literature is simple and reliable enough for routine testing. The method which is most promising is the tool-work thermocouple method, which yields a repeatable result which correlates well with tool wear for many materials. This method is not normally used in machinability testing because it is not clear what temperature the method actually measures and because, as conventionally described, it cannot be used for roughing cuts at high cutting speeds. The purpose of this paper is to extend both the theoretical understanding and range of application of the tool-work thermocouple method. The question of what temperature is measured by the method is answered by analyzing the electrical potential distribution in a cutting tool due to a distributed interfacial emf. It is shown that in general the tool-work thermocouple temperature differs from the average interfacial temperature, but that for tungsten carbide tools the difference is usually small. The isolation of the tool-work thermocouple circuit is also considered. Methods of measuring signals without introducing insulation between the chuck and workpiece and reducing the machining system stiffness are described. Finally, methods of minimizing measurement errors due to secondary junctions are discussed. Sample signals from machinability tests on steels are used to illustrate significant points.

Pyrometric Temperature Measurement in Concentrated Sunlight With Emissivity Determination

2009 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan B. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Solar Furnace ◽  
Surface Emissivity ◽  
Specialized Equipment ◽  
The Difference

Pyrometers are commonly used for high temperature measurement, but their accuracy is often limited by uncertainty in the surface emissivity. Radiation heating introduces additional errors due to the extra light reflected off the measured surface. While many types of specialized equipment have been developed for these measurements, this work presents a method for measuring high temperatures using single color pyrometers when the surface emissivity is unknown. It is particularly useful for correcting errors due to reflected light in solar heating applications. The method requires two pyrometers and is most helpful for improving measurement accuracy of low cost commercial instruments. The temperature measurements of two pyrometers operating at different wavelengths are analyzed across a range of sample temperatures to find the surface emissivity values at each wavelength that minimize the difference in temperature measurements between pyrometers. These are taken as the surface emissivity values, and the initial temperature measurements are corrected using the calculated emissivity values to obtain improved estimates of the surface temperature. When applied to temperature data from a solar furnace, the method significantly decreased the difference in the temperature measurements of two single color pyrometers. Simulated temperature data with both random noise and systematic errors are used to demonstrate that the method successfully converges to surface emissivity values and reduces temperature measurement errors even when subjected to significant errors in the model inputs. This method provides a potential low cost solution for pyrometric temperature measurement of solar-heated objects. It is also useful for temperature measurement of objects with unknown emissivity.

Edge Radius Variability and Force Measurement Considerations

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy J. Schimmel ◽  
Jairam Manjunathaiah ◽  
William J. Endres
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Thrust Force ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Orthogonal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
White Light Interferometry ◽  
Machining Forces ◽  
Edge Radius ◽  
Cutting Inserts ◽  
The Difference

A new, noncontact instrument, based on white light interferometry, is used to measure the edge radii of cutting tools with measurement errors of less than 3 μm. Edges of several commercial cutting inserts are measured and compared. It is found that the radius of the hone varies along the length of the edge in a parabolic manner. The difference between the edge radius at the center of the edge and the radius at the start of the corner can be as large as 25 μm (0.001 in). The variation between the edges on an insert and across inserts in a batch of tools can be as high as 25 μm (0.001 in). Statistically significant variations are also seen in the corner radius region in which much cutting occurs in turning, boring and face milling processes. Orthogonal cutting tests with tools of measured edge radius in the zone of cut indicate that the machining forces, especially the thrust force component, are sensitive to changes in edge radius on the order of measured variations. [S1087-1357(00)01603-8]

scholarly journals THE VALUE OF ROBUST STATISTICAL FORECASTS IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 256 ◽  
pp. 19-43
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Castle ◽  
Jurgen A. Doornik ◽  
David F. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Data Measurement ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk

The Covid-19 pandemic has put forecasting under the spotlight, pitting epidemiological models against extrapolative time-series devices. We have been producing real-time short-term forecasts of confirmed cases and deaths using robust statistical models since 20 March 2020. The forecasts are adaptive to abrupt structural change, a major feature of the pandemic data due to data measurement errors, definitional and testing changes, policy interventions, technological advances and rapidly changing trends. The pandemic has also led to abrupt structural change in macroeconomic outcomes. Using the same methods, we forecast aggregate UK unemployment over the pandemic. The forecasts rapidly adapt to the employment policies implemented when the UK entered the first lockdown. The difference between our statistical and theory based forecasts provides a measure of the effect of furlough policies on stabilising unemployment, establishing useful scenarios had furlough policies not been implemented.

Total Pressure Correction of a Sub-Miniature Five-Hole Probe in Areas of Pressure Gradients

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Town ◽  
A. Akturk ◽  
C. Camcı
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Measurement ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Total Pressure ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Pressure Data ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Ducted Fan ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Best Fit

Five-hole probes, being a dependable and accurate aerodynamic tools, are excellent choices for measuring complex flow fields. However, total pressure gradients can induce measurement errors. The combined effect of the different flow conditions on the ports causes the measured total pressure to be prone to a greater error. This paper proposes a way to correct the total pressure measurement. The correction is based on the difference between the measured total pressure data of a Kiel probe and a sub-miniature prism-type five-hole probe. By comparing them in a ducted fan related flow field, a line of best fit was constructed. The line of best fit is dependent on the slope of the line in a total pressure versus span and difference in total pressure between the probes at the same location. A computer program, performs the comparison and creates the correction equation. The equation is subsequently applied to the five-hole probe total pressure measurement, and the other dependent values are adjusted. The validity of the correction is then tested by placing the Kiel probe and the five-hole probe in ducted fans with a variety of different tip clearances.

Pulsed electron-beam treatment of WC–TiC–Co hard-alloy cutting tools: wear resistance and microstructural evolution

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.F. Ivanov ◽  
V.P. Rotshtein ◽  
D.I. Proskurovsky ◽  
P.V. Orlov ◽  
K.N. Polestchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Hard Alloy ◽  
Microstructural Evolution ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Electron Beam Treatment ◽  
Pulsed Electron Beam ◽  
Tools Wear

THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE PREVENTION OF PENITENTIARY CRIMES

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Андрей Александрович Нуждин
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
The Difference

В свете роста числа преступлений, совершаемых осужденными и лицами, заключенными под стражу, аспекты предупредительного воздействия на возникающие в уголовно-исполнительной системе процессы выходят на лидирующее место. Важно понимать, что сотрудниками учреждений и органов уголовно-исполнительной системы принимаются значительные усилия для минимизации преступных посягательств. Тем не менее данная деятельность не всегда является системной и логически последовательной. Представляется, что проблема кроется в теоретическом базисе борьбы с пенитенциарной преступностью, который до настоящего времени так полноценно и не сложился. Цель научной статьи заключается в теоретическом осмыслении института предупреждения пенитенциарных преступлений, уяснении методов и мер предупредительного воздействия, определения источников информационного обеспечения. Автор постарался максимально точно определить границы пенитенциарных преступлений, показать разницу в методах и мерах предупреждения преступности в уголовно-исполнительной системе. В статье указаны источники информационного обеспечения, проводя анализ которых возможно предельно ясно понимать, какие методы будут эффективными при выявлении причин и условий, способствующих совершению пенитенциарных преступлений, а какие меры будут способствовать борьбе с преступностью осужденных и лиц, заключенных под стражу. In the light of the growing number of crimes committed by convicted persons and persons in custody, the aspects of preventive impact on the processes that arise in the penitentiary system are taking a leading place. It is important to understand that employees of institutions and bodies of the penitentiary system make significant efforts to minimize criminal attacks. However, this activity is not always systematic and logically consistent. It seems that the problem lies in the theoretical basis of the fight against penitentiary crime, which has not yet fully developed. The purpose of the scientific article is to provide a theoretical understanding of the Institute for the prevention of penitentiary crimes, to understand the methods and measures of preventive action, and to determine the sources of information support. The author tried to define the boundaries of penitentiary crimes as accurately as possible, to show the difference in methods and measures of crime prevention in the penitentiary system. The article indicates the sources of information support, analyzing which is possible to understand very clearly what methods will be effective in identifying the causes and conditions that contribute to the Commission of penitentiary crimes, and what measures will contribute to the fight against crime of convicts and persons in custody.

scholarly journals Definition of actors of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs area

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-299
Author(s):  
Turhut Salayev
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
General Information ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Broad Approach

The article deals with scientific and theoretical understanding and the provision of the definition of the category "actors of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs area". The author has disclosed and analyzed the provisions of the administrative and legal doctrine of the above questio, besides, the problematic issues of the definition of "subjects of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs sphere" are identified, andthe necessity of distinguishing this concept from other related concepts and categories is defined. Disclosing issues of actors of administrative and legal support of information security in the cus-toms sphere, it is necessary to avoid substitution of concepts and clearly understand the difference between the concepts of "institutional mechanism of administrative and legal support of information security in customs" and "state mechanism of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs sphere "from the concept of" subjects of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs sphere ". After all, the concept that is the subject of our study, of all the above, has the most comprehensive and broad scope and meaning. That is why, disclosing a set of subjects of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs sphere, it is advisable to apply a broad approach to understanding this category, given that among such subjects must be considered non-state subjects. objects - local governments, public organizations, etc. Because without their activities such a list will not be complete, and the mechanism of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs sphere will not be such that covers all possible spheres of public life and methods of information security. The current general information and administrative legislation, as well as special legislation gov-erning the procedure of customs, is considered in order to more clearly disclose the features and legal status of the actors of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs area. Each of these entities plays an appropriate role and occupies the necessary place in the system of national security of Ukraine, information security of Ukraine in general and information security in the customs area in particular. This role can be described as the implementation of general control over information security in the customs area, as well as taking measures to respond to violations of information legislation and the emergence of threats to information in the customs area within the powers defined by law. At the same time, the administrative and legal provision of information security is carried out directly by the customs authorities.

Precision Lattice Parameter Measurements with Guinier Camera and Counter Diffractometer: Comparison and Reconciliation of Results

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 11-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Brown
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Precision Measurements ◽  
Compound A ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Random Measurement ◽  
Precise Characterization ◽  
The Difference

Different procedures used in precision measurements of lattice parameters are, strictly, only valid if they can be shown to give results that are mutually reproducible. For this purpose reproducibility is defined in terms of the parameters a. and standard deviations a. obtained for X-ray specimens of one or more reference materials. The requirement is that all systematic errors should be minimized to a level below that of the random measurement errors. Where these have a Gaussian distribution the significance of the difference, Δa°, between two , measurements can then be Let;Led by evaluating . Thus, if K < 2 the difference, Δa°, cannot be distinguished from the effects of random measurement errors. This condition should be met for specimens of the same sample if reproducibility is good. For K ≥ 3 the value of Δa° is then taken to reflect real differences in the crystalline Jattice of two X-ray specimens of a given compound. A basis is thus created for the study of solid solubility and for the precise characterization of crystalline compounds.

Applying the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems in Estonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 134-145
Author(s):  
Merli Reidolf ◽  
Merle Küttim ◽  
Aleksandr Michelson ◽  
Helena Rozeik ◽  
Marianne Kallaste
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems ◽  
Sectoral Differences ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Similar to natural ecosystems, entrepreneurs and other entrepreneurial actors are locally interdependent and affect the performance of each other. Mostly economically larger and more successful regions have been studied by using the framework of entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs). The current study aims at further developing the theoretical understanding of EEs and applying the proposed EE model in the context of Estonia. In the study, a conceptual model of an EE is proposed, the uniqueness of which lies in merging three aspects into a single framework: the nine components of an EE, its value-added, and its phase of development. The model was applied for analysing by means of a qualitative methodology four sector-based subEEs in Estonia. The study showed that even in a small country like Estonia the components of the EE were partly similar, but also partly unique for the subEEs. This was not due to the location, but because of sectoral differences. The difference of the development phase seemed to be related to the knowledge base of the sector. The policy relevance of the model is that it allows looking at the elements of an EE as well as its economic value-added and development prospects. The EE approach allows addressing jointly the difficulties and challenges in the development of EEs, including the issues of digitalisation, skilled labour, and production costs, which would allow the subEEs to develop into mature and resilient networks. Not all the components of an EE have to be equally strong, but their interconnectedness determines the strength of an EE. Policy solutions need to be tailored to the needs of specific subEEs based on the knowledge base and inner dynamics of the sectors.

scholarly journals Influence of the Heat Dissipation Mode of Long-Flute Cutting Tools on Temperature Distribution during HFCVD Diamond Films

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Qian ◽  
wang ◽  
Huang ◽  
Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Diamond Films ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Polycrystalline Diamond ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Diamond Coatings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

The distribution of substrate temperature plays a decisive role on the uniformity of polycrystalline diamond films on cemented carbide tools with a long flute, prepared by a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). In this work, the heat dissipation mode at the bottom of tools is a focal point, and the finite volume method (FVM) is conducted to simulate and predict the temperature field of tools, with the various materials of the holder placed under the tools. The simulation results show that the thermal conductivity of the holder affects the temperature difference of the individual tools greatly, but only affects the temperature of different tools at the same XY plane slightly. Moreover, the ceramic holder can reduce the difference in temperature of an individual tool by 54%, compared to a copper one. Afterwards, the experiments of the deposition of diamond films is performed using the preferred ceramic holder. The diamond coatings on the different positions present a highly uniform distribution on their grain size, thickness, and quality.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document