New Mathematical Definition and Calculation of Axial Rotation of Anatomical Joints

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Miyazaki ◽  
Akimasa Ishida
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
Angular Velocity Vector ◽  
Mathematical Definition ◽  
Stationary Coordinate System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

In the field of joint kinematics, clinical terms such as internal-external, or medical-lateral, rotations are commonly used to express the rotation of a body segment about its own long axis. However, these terms are not defined in a strict mathematical sense. In this paper, a new mathematical definition of axial rotation is proposed and methods to calculate it from the measured Euler angles are given. The definition is based on the integration of the component of the angular velocity vector projected onto the long axis of the body segment. First, the absolute axial rotation of a body segment with respect to the stationary coordinate system is defined. This definition is then generalized to give the relative axial rotation of one body segment with respect to the other body segment where the two segments are moving in the three-dimensional space. The well-known Codman’s paradox is cited as an example to make clear the difference between the definition so far proposed by other researchers and the new one.

scholarly journals Proposing 3D Thermal Technology for Heritage Building Energy Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1537
Author(s):  
Antonio Adán ◽  
Víctor Pérez ◽  
José-Luis Vivancos ◽  
Carolina Aparicio-Fernández ◽  
Samuel A. Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Monitoring ◽  
3D Computer Vision ◽  
Building Monitoring ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
Definition Of

The energy monitoring of heritage buildings has, to date, been governed by methodologies and standards that have been defined in terms of sensors that record scalar magnitudes and that are placed in specific positions in the scene, thus recording only some of the values sampled in that space. In this paper, however, we present an alternative to the aforementioned technologies in the form of new sensors based on 3D computer vision that are able to record dense thermal information in a three-dimensional space. These thermal computer vision-based technologies (3D-TCV) entail a revision and updating of the current building energy monitoring methodologies. This paper provides a detailed definition of the most significant aspects of this new extended methodology and presents a case study showing the potential of 3D-TCV techniques and how they may complement current techniques. The results obtained lead us to believe that 3D computer vision can provide the field of building monitoring with a decisive boost, particularly in the case of heritage buildings.

Cutaneous Receptive Field Organization in the Ventral Posterior Nucleus of the Thalamus in the Common Marmoset

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1865-1875 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wilson ◽  
P. D. Kitchener ◽  
P. J. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
The Common ◽  
Receptive Field Organization

The organization of cutaneous receptive fields in the ventroposterior (VP) thalamus of the common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus) was determined from single-unit recordings, and these data were correlated with the cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry of the thalamus in the same animals. Under continuously maintained ketamine anesthesia, the receptive fields of a total of 192 single units were recorded from the right VP thalamus using 2 MΩ glass microelectrodes. After the receptive fields were mapped, the brains were reacted for CO histochemistry on 50-μm coronal frozen sections through the entire VP thalamus. The majority of units were localized to the CO-reactive regions that define the medial and lateral divisions of VP (VPm and VPl). Apart from the expected finding of the face being represented in VPm and the body in VPl, reconstructing the electrode tracks and unit locations in the histological sections revealed a general association between discrete regions of CO reactivity and the representation of specific body regions. Some low-threshold cutaneous units were apparently localized to VPi (the CO weak regions dorsal, ventral, and interdigitating with, the CO regions of VP). These VPi units were clearly part of the same representational map as the VPl and VPm units. We conclude that the low-threshold cutaneous receptive fields of the marmoset are organized in a single continuous representation of the contralateral body surface, and that this representation can most simply be interpreted as being folded or crumpled into the three-dimensional space of VP thalamus. The folded nature of the body map in VP may be related to the folded nature of VP as revealed by CO histochemistry.

Analysis on Structure and Morphological of Carton Packaging

2013 ◽  
Vol 442 ◽  
pp. 338-341
Author(s):  
A Qiang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Space Form ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Paper Study ◽  
Structural Morphology ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

The package structure is a three-dimensional space form, so people know the products are in used in the packaging. In packaging materials for paper use is very extensive, paper products are easy to shape the body shape for easy printing and recyclable advantage. This paper study design of the paper packaging structural, combining paper packaging structural design applications to explore the paper packaging structural morphology and environmentalist design consciousness.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF THE SCHROTH METHOD IN CHILDREN WITH IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 749
Author(s):  
Bojan Jorgić ◽  
Petra Mančić ◽  
Saša Milenković ◽  
Nikola Jevtić ◽  
Mladen Živković
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scoliosis Correction ◽  
Lateral Curvature ◽  
Positive Effect

Scoliosis is a multifactorial three-dimensional (3D) spinal deformation which always includes elementary deformations on three planes: a lateral curvature on the frontal plane, loss of natural physiological curvature on the sagittal plane and, in most cases, increase of lordosis in the lumbosacral joint (hyperlordosis), and a (very typical) vertebral axial rotation on the horizontal plane. One of the best methods in scoliosis correction is the Schroth method. In view of the above, the objective of this study is to identify the effects of the Schroth method on correcting functional-motor status in children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (IS). The participant sample comprised 20 children, of an average age of 14.5, who took part in the 10-day Schroth Camp. The following measure instruments were used for the assessment of the effect of the Schroth method: the Sorensen test, the Sit-and-reach test, and height assessment. Statistically significant improvements were identified across the results of all three tests, for the Sorensen test: 45.6±19.29 s, the Sit-and-reach test: 4.05±2.25 cm, and height 1.4±0.66 cm. It can be concluded that the conducted Schroth method exercise program exerted a positive effect on improving motor functionality, as well as enhancing flexibility and isometric endurance of the lumbar extensors of the spine. Additionally, there was an increase in height, which indicates a positive effect in terms of the functionality and symmetry of the left and right sides of the body, and in terms of improved posture on the frontal and sagittal planes.

scholarly journals The Concept of Originality in Academic Research of Engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shaheen
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Subjective Analysis ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

The definition of research appears to be a controversial subject in the academic community. It is almost becoming apparent that research remains a key element in master’s and doctoral degrees. Originality is, to varying degrees, the primary concern for the genuineness of research, but there is a difference of opinion on the concept of originality. In practice, a subjective analysis of originality is performed at the time of the assessment of the said degrees’ theses; therefore, the resulting evaluation is affected by the difference of opinion on the concept of originality. It has also emerged that the concept of originality in research is also marginally unique in various areas. This study is focused upon reaching a point of agreement for the definition of originality in the theses/dissertation of masters and doctorate degrees in engineering only. The outcome of the research should be something new and originally contribute to the body of knowledge. This study focused on to arrive at an accurate definition of originality in university degrees in the field of engineering. An online survey was designed and carried out on the basis of evidence and expert opinion. The survey was distributed amongst engineering peers. The results of the survey are systematically summed up in the study.

scholarly journals Determination of Some Body Measurements of Camels With Three Dimensional Modeling Method (3D)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alkan çağlı ◽  
M. Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Modeling Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
3D Measurement ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
The Difference

Abstract In this study, the use of three-dimensional modeling method was tested in taking some body measurements in camels with a practical method and was compared with other measurement methods. As the animal material of the study, 12 single humped dromedary female camels and 14 double humped Camelus dromedarius X Camelus bactrianus: F1 male camels, totally 26 camels, were used in three camel farms in Incirliova district of Aydın province. The body measurements taken from each animal by using different three methods, namely by Manuel Method (MM), by Photography Method (PM), and by Three Dimensional Modeling Method (3D) were the Cidago Height (CH), the Back Height (BH), the Rump Height (RH), the Body Length (BL), the Brisket Height (BRH), the Abdominal Height (AH), the Shoulder Width (SW) and the Rump Width (RW) and these values were compared with each other. As a result of this study, the mean values of MM and 3D measurement values were very close to each other and the difference between them was found to be statistically insignificant. (P<0.05). The difference between the means of PM and MM/3D measurement values was found to be significant. (P <0.05). In the measurements taken by MM, 3D, PM methods in male camels, the values obtained by MM and 3D methods for CH, BH, RH, BRH, AH, BL, and SW were very close to each other and the differences between them were found insignificant statistically (p < 0.05). On the determined regression graph, a linear was found between MM and 3D measurement values. As a result of this study, it has been determined that the 3D modeling method can be used as a remote and more practical method in determining the morphological features of large-scale animals such as camels more reliably, more easily and more practically.

scholarly journals How deep is the difference?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taraneh Korkmaz
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
State Power ◽  
Application Form ◽  
Official Document ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Institutional Texts ◽  
Three Dimensional Space ◽  
Multimedia Installation

This paper follows the blurriness of the concept of difference as it relates to the Canadian idea of diversity, and its manifestation in governmental forms and official documents. It highlights the paradoxical (inconsistent) function of such documents in addressing diversity, individuation and change. This research was informed by the concept of difference, defined (interpreted) by Manuel DeLanda, and is expressed in a multimedia installation titled Illegal Entries, which reconfigures the Canadian Passport Application form (PPTC 153-154) as a three-dimensional space. This installation shows viewers that this official document, which operates to legitimize state power over citizens’ bodies, is designed to undermine the concept of difference, which is at the core of individuation and is the backbone of diversity and multiculturalism in Canada. This paper provides an account of how a document is transformed into a documentary. The installation creates a bilingual, audio-visual conundrum that consists of institutional texts, commands and warnings. This is juxtaposed with animated graphics, icons and shapes that appear in the document in addition to the image of the passport ID photograph.

scholarly journals Influence of the Sun Position and Platform Orientation on the Quality of Imagery Obtained from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Sekrecka ◽  
Damian Wierzbicki ◽  
Michal Kedzierski
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Third Dimension

Images acquired at a low altitude can be the source of accurate information about various environmental phenomena. Often, however, this information is distorted by various factors, so a correction of the images needs to be performed to recreate the actual reflective properties of the imaged area. Due to the low flight altitude, the correction of images from UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) is usually limited to noise reduction and detector errors. The article shows the influence of the Sun position and platform deviation angles on the quality of images obtained by UAVs. Tilting the camera placed on an unmanned platform leads to incorrect exposures of imagery, and the order of this distortion depends on the position of the Sun during imaging. An image can be considered in three-dimensional space, where the x and y coordinates determine the position of the pixel and the third dimension determines its exposure. This assumption is the basis for the proposed method of image exposure compensation. A three-dimensional transformation by rotation is used to determine the adjustment matrix to correct the image quality. The adjustments depend on the angles of the platform and the difference between the direction of flight and the position of the Sun. An additional factor regulates the value of the adjustment depending on the ratio of the pitch and roll angles. The experiments were carried out for two sets of data obtained with different unmanned systems. The correction method used can improve the block exposure by up to 60%. The method gives the best results for simple systems, not equipped with lighting compensation systems.

scholarly journals Microfabrication of Nonplanar Polymeric Microfluidics

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Pin-Chuan Chen ◽  
Chung-Ying Lee ◽  
Lynh Duong
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Microlens Array ◽  
Microfluidic Chips ◽  
Pmma Substrate ◽  
In Vitro Characterization ◽  
First Case ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Solvent Bonding

For four decades, microfluidics technology has been used in exciting, state-of-the-art applications. This paper reports on a novel fabrication approach in which micromachining is used to create nonplanar, three-dimensional microfluidic chips for experiments. Several parameters of micromachining were examined to enhance the smoothness and definition of surface contours in the nonplanar poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) mold inserts. A nonplanar PMMA/PMMA chip and a nonplanar polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/PMMA chip were fabricated to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach. In the first case, a S-shape microchannel was fabricated on the nonplanar PMMA substrate and sealed with another nonplanar PMMA via solvent bonding. In the second case, a PDMS membrane was casted from two nonplanar PMMA substrates and bonded on hemispherical PMMA substrate via solvent bonding for use as a microlens array (MLAs). These examples demonstrate the effectiveness of micromachining in the fabrication of nonplanar microfluidic chips directly on a polymeric substrate, as well as in the manufacture of nonplanar mold inserts for use in creating PDMS/PMMA microfluidic chips. This technique facilitates the creation of nonplanar microfluidic chips for applications requiring a three-dimensional space for in vitro characterization.

scholarly journals Vector Products As A Tool For The Investigation Of The Isometric Transformation Of Objects

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Ryszard Józef Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Vector Product ◽  
Isometric Transformation ◽  
Check Points ◽  
Normal Vectors ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Abstract The identification of isometric displacements of studied objects with utilization of the vector product is the aim of the analysis conducted in this paper. Isometric transformations involve translation and rotation. The behaviour of distances between check points on the object in the first and second measurements is a necessary condition for the determination of such displacements. For every three check points about the measured coordinate, one can determine the vector orthogonal to the two neighbouring sides of the triangle that are treated as vectors, using the definition of the vector product in three-dimensional space. If vectors for these points in the first and second measurements are parallel to the studied object has not changed its position or experienced translation. If the termini of vectors formed from vector products treated as the vectors are orthogonal to certain axis, then the object has experienced rotation. The determination of planes symmetric to these vectors allows the axis of rotation of the object and the angle of rotation to be found. The changes of the value of the angle between the normal vectors obtained from the first and second measurements, by exclusion of the isometric transformation, are connected to the size of the changes of the coordinates of check points, that is, deformation of the object. This paper focuses mainly on the description of the procedure for determining the translation and rotation. The main attention was paid to the rotation, due to the new and unusual way in which it is determined. Mean errors of the determined parameters are often treated briefly, and this subject requires separate consideration.

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