scholarly journals Recruitment of Knee Joint Ligaments

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Blankevoort ◽  
R. Huiskes ◽  
A. de Lange
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Cruciate Ligaments ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

On the basis of earlier reported data on the in vitro kinematics of passive knee-joint motions of four knee specimens, the length changes of ligament fiber bundles were determined by using the points of insertion on the tibia and femur. The kinematic data and the insertions of the ligaments were obtained by using Roentgenstereophotogrammetry. Different fiber bundles of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the medial and lateral collateral ligaments were identified. On the basis of an assumption for the maximal strain of each ligament fiber bundle during the experiments, the minimal recruitment length and the probability of recruitment were defined and determined. The motions covered the range from extension to 95 degrees flexion and the loading conditions included internal or external moments of 3 Nm and anterior or posterior forces of 30N. The ligament length and recruitment patterns were found to be consistent for some ligament bundles and less consistent for other ligament bundles. The most posterior bundle of each ligament was recruited in extension and the lower flexion angles, whereas the anterior bundle was recruited for the higher flexion angles. External rotation generally recruited the collateral ligaments, while internal rotation recruited the cruciate ligaments. However, the anterior bundle of the posterior cruciate ligament was recruited with external rotation at the higher flexion angles. At the lower flexion angles, the anterior cruciate and the lateral collateral ligaments were recruited with an anterior force. The recruitment of the posterior cruciate ligament with a posterior force showed that neither its most anterior nor its most posterior bundle was recruited at the lower flexion angles. Hence, the posterior restraint must have been provided by the intermediate fiber bundles, which were not considered in the experiment. At the higher flexion angles, the anterior bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament were found to be recruited with anterior and posterior forces, respectively. The minimal recruitment length and the recruitment probability of ligament fiber bundles are useful parameters for the evaluation of ligament length changes in those experiments where no other method can be used to determine the zero strain lengths, ligament strains and tensions.

scholarly journals The Effects of External Loads and Muscle Forces on the Knee Joint Ligaments during Walking: A Musculoskeletal Model Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2356
Author(s):  
Carlo Albino Frigo ◽  
Lucia Donno
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Musculoskeletal Model ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Muscle Forces ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles ◽  
External Loads

A musculoskeletal model was developed to analyze the tensions of the knee joint ligaments during walking and to understand how they change with changes in the muscle forces. The model included the femur, tibia, patella and all components of cruciate and collateral ligaments, quadriceps, hamstrings and gastrocnemius muscles. Inputs to the model were the muscle forces, estimated by a static optimization approach, the external loads (ground reaction forces and moments) and the knee flexion/extension movement corresponding to natural walking. The remaining rotational and translational movements were obtained as a result of the dynamic equilibrium of forces. The validation of the model was done by comparing our results with literature data. Several simulations were carried out by sequentially removing the forces of the different muscle groups. Deactivation of the quadriceps produced a decrease of tension in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and an increase in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). By removing the hamstrings, the tension of ACL increased at the late swing phase, while the PCL force dropped to zero. Specific effects were observed also at the medial and lateral collateral ligaments. The removal of gastrocnemius muscles produced an increase of tension only on PCL and lateral collateral ligaments. These results demonstrate how musculoskeletal models can contribute to knowledge about complex biomechanical systems as the knee joint.

A Two-Dimensional Dynamic Anatomical Model of the Human Knee Joint

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4A) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eihab Abdel-Rahman ◽  
Mohamed Samir Hefzy
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Geometric Constraints ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Algebraic Equations ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Nonlinear Algebraic Equations

The objective of this study is to develop a two-dimensional dynamic model of the knee joint to simulate its response under sudden impact. The knee joint is modeled as two rigid bodies, representing a fixed femur and a moving tibia, connected by 10 nonlinear springs representing the different fibers of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and the posterior part of the capsule. In the analysis, the joint profiles were represented by polynomials. Model equations include three nonlinear differential equations of motion and three nonlinear algebraic equations representing the geometric constraints. A single point contact was assumed to exist at all times. Numerical solutions were obtained by applying Newmark constant-average-acceleration scheme of differential approximation to transform the motion equations into a set of nonlinear simultaneous algebraic equations. The equations reduced thus to six nonlinear algebraic equations in six unknowns. The Newton-Raphson iteration technique was then used to obtain the solution. Knee response was determined under sudden rectangular pulsing posterior forces applied to the tibia and having different amplitudes and durations. The results indicate that increasing pulse amplitude and/or duration produced a decrease in the magnitude of the tibio-femoral contact force, indicating thus a reduction in the joint stiffness. It was found that the anterior fibers of the posterior cruciate and the medial collateral ligaments are the primary restraints for a posterior forcing pulse in the range of 20 to 90 degrees of knee flexion; this explains why most isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries and combined injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament and the medial collateral results from a posterior impact on a flexed knee.

scholarly journals Analisis Informasi Anatomi antara Sekuens T2WI FSE dan Proton Density Fat Saturation pada Pemeriksaan MRI Knee Joint Potongan Sagital (Studi pada Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) dan Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL))

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Atina Izzah Kusumaningrum ◽  
Lidya Purna WS Kuntjoro ◽  
Gatot Murti Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Border Line ◽  
Fat Saturation ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Anatomical Information ◽  
Mri Knee

Background: There are clinical situations that radiology physicians need to assess Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) clearly with the two typical sequences (T2WI FSE sequence and Proton Density Fat Saturation). However, a slight difference in using the applied sequences will result different levels of image quality information. The aim of this study is to compare clinical  manifest in anatomical information on the resulted images between  T2WI FSE sequence and Proton Density Fat Saturation and to define the best sequence that fit to reveal ACL and PCL of the knee joint..Methods: The research was an experimental quasy. 20 sagital slices of  the knee jointMRI were acquired from 10 volunteers who underwent MRI examinations with the two methods (T2WI FSE and Proton Density Fat Saturation). 3 experienced radiology physicians blended in the image scoring when review ACL and PCL appearances on knee MRI images. Inter-observer suitability was checked with Kappa test. A non-parametric Wilcoxon analyses was the statistical tool to test the null hypothesis.Results: The result showed a significant difference in anatomical information of ACL and PCL when T2WI FSE and Proton Density Fat Saturation sequences applied on the MRI of the knee jointsagital slices (p-value 0,05). The mean rank of T2WI FSE was better than Proton Density Fat Saturation  which contributed to the value at 4,50. There was an increase in signals that lead to ACL and PCL appear to be more hyper-intens compared to sorrounding organs in general, except the border line  of PCL.  By this means, it was useful for evaluating the patient whose particularly with ACL post-grafting.Conclusion: There was the difference in anatomical information between T2WI FSE sequence and Proton Density Fat Saturation on MRI knee jointwith sagital slices for ACL and PCL studies.  T2WI FSE sequence was the best method for showing anatomical information of ACL and PCL, although a relative low signal still occured from border line  of PCL.

The Joint Biomechanics Change by Different Anterior Cruciate Ligament Constitutive Models Under Axial Torque Load

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wan ◽  
Zhixiu Hao ◽  
Shizhu Wen
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Torque Load ◽  
Joint Biomechanics ◽  
Hyperelastic Model ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Anterior Posterior

According to the previous papers, it was demonstrated that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) played an important role in resisting the coupled anterior-posterior laxity rather than the rotation laxity under axial torque load of knee joint. In the biomechanics simulation research of knee joint, some different ligament constitutive models were presented to describe the ACL material behavior. However, there is few published paper to study the effect of variable ligament constitutive model on the joint biomechanics under axial torque load. In this paper, a 3-dimension finite element model of an intact tibiofemoral joint including all the main anatomical structures was reconstructed and two ACL constitutive models were compared under 10 Nm femur external torque load. The two ACL constitutive models corresponded to an isotropic hyperelastic model and a transversely isotropic hyperelastic model considering fiber effect, respectively. All the ACL material properties of the two constitutive models were defined by fitting the same stress-strain data. Another model with ACL resected was also analyzed under the same load to estimate the function ACL played under joint axial torque load. It was found that the resection of ACL changed the knee joint deformations significantly in all directions except the distal-proximal translation. In the ACL resected joint model, the internal-external rotation, anterior-posterior and medial-lateral translations increased by about 20%, 500% and 600%, respectively. Comparing to the ACL intact joint model, the Mises stress values of medial collateral ligament decreased while that on lateral collateral ligament increased greatly (from 35 MPa to 61 MPa). In the comparison of the two different ACL constitutive models, the internal-external rotation, as the highest deformation of the knee joint, changed by about 11% and the maximal deformation alteration was obtained in the anterior-posterior translation (about 80%). Both the highest stress value and distribution on ACL have altered mostly while the Mises stress distributions of other ligaments and menisci have changed slightly. The alteration of joint kinematics and ligament biomechanics by different ACL constitutive models would be due to the different descriptions of the material transverse behavior and the real complex ACL stress distribution under an axial torque load, although the longitudinal material behaviors described by different ACL constitutive models were almost the same based on the same experiment data.

Does Nitric Oxide Help Explain the Differential Healing Capacity of the Anterior Cruciate, Posterior Cruciate, and Medial Collateral Ligaments?

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao Min ◽  
Maja Stefanovic-Racic ◽  
Helga I. Georgescu ◽  
Freddie H. Fu ◽  
Christopher H. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Cruciate Ligaments ◽  
Matrix Synthesis ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

This study compared the ability of rabbit medial collateral ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, and anterior cruciate ligament tissue to synthesize nitric oxide, and determined its effects on matrix synthesis, an important component of ligament repair. It is not known whether ligament cells can produce nitric oxide and, if so, whether it influences healing of ligament injuries. The anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate ligament tissue produced large amounts of nitric oxide in response to the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1. Medial collateral ligament, in contrast, produced only modest amounts of nitric oxide. Furthermore, anterior cruciate ligament and, to some degree, posterior cruciate ligament synthesized nitric oxide spontaneously in culture, whereas medial collateral ligament never did so. When nitric oxide was supplied to these tissues, it strongly inhibited collagen synthesis by the two cruciate ligaments, but had little effect on collagen synthesis by the medial collateral ligament. Endogenously synthesized nitric oxide was also able to inhibit collagen synthesis as well as proteoglycan synthesis by the two cruciate ligaments, but had little effect on matrix synthesis by the medial collateral ligament. We propose a novel hypothesis, based on nitric oxide production and matrix synthesis, that may help explain why the two cruciate ligaments have such limited healing capacity compared with the medial collateral ligament.

DETERMINATION OF THE STRESS OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT IN VARIOUS DEGREES OF KNEE FLEXION, COMPARISON OF NORMAL AND RECONSTRUCTED LIGAMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150022
Author(s):  
MOHAMMAD TAGHI KARIMI ◽  
SAYED IMAN HOSSEINI ◽  
YOUSEF BAZARGAN LARI
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Normal Condition ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Joint Stability ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Joint Flexion ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: Knee joint stability is enhanced by ligamentus structures such as anterior cruciate (ACL), posterior cruciate (PCL), medial collateral (MCL) and lateral collateral ligaments (LCL). Rupture of ACL is the most common knee injuries, especially in sport related activities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the stress developed in knee joint structures in various degrees of knee flexion in ACL ruptured compared to normal condition. Method: CT scan images of knee joint were used to create 3d model of knee joint by use of Mimics software. Abaqus software was used to evaluate the stress developed in knee joint in normal and in ACL reconstructed conditions in various degrees of knee flexion. Results: The stress developed in ACL and other knee joint structures increased significantly by increase in knee joint flexion. The stress of knee joint structures (especially in ACL) in ACL reconstructed condition was more than that of normal condition. Conclusion: It is recommended to immobilize the knee joint in extension up to [Formula: see text] of knee flexion in those with ACL injuries. The stress of ACL increased due to an increase in tibia translation associated with knee flexion.

Instability of the Knee Joint and its Correction

1970 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-104
Author(s):  
B. Victor Jones
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rotational Instability ◽  
Suture Repair ◽  
Cruciate Ligaments ◽  
Ligamentum Patellae ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Initial Results

AbstractThe management of ruptures of the medial and cruciate ligaments of the knee is discussed. The importance of capsular damage and consequent rotational instability in combined ruptures of the medial and anterior cruciate ligament is emphasised. Direct suture repair of ruptured cruciate ligaments is often impossible, and intra-articular procedures to provide a replacement for the ligament are complicated and have proved disappointing.The importance of capsular laxity is emphasised and two new operations to correct this are described. One is a simple medial capsular advancement to correct minor rotational instability: the other is a reinforcement of the capsule with strips taken from each side of the ligamentum patellae. These operations are simple and initial results have been promising.

The Effect of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency on the in Vivo Elongation of the Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel K. Van de Velde ◽  
Louis E. Defrate ◽  
Thomas J. Gill ◽  
Jeremy M. Moses ◽  
Ramprasad Papannagari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

scholarly journals Knee Orthosis for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries - Kinematics and Comfortability Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2071 (1) ◽  
pp. 012016
Author(s):  
N A Zainal Abidin ◽  
S N S Shafie ◽  
A Azaman ◽  
M H Ramlee
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Knee Orthosis

Abstract Knee orthosis is commonly used in supporting the knee movement and protecting the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries from worsening. In clinical practices, there are many types of ready-made orthoses that available in the market. However, different types of orthoses may provide different performances for patient’s knee joint. Therefore, this paper attempt to investigate the performance of knee orthoses for ACL-injured knee. Two groups took part in the study; (Group 1) six ACL-injured, (Group 2) four healthy participants, where two types of knee orthoses were adopted; (Brace 1) hinge brace, (Brace 2) sleeve brace with bilateral hinges. The knee joint motions were calculated using kinematics data while comfortability was conducted through surveys. From the findings, Brace 1 produced normal range of motion (ROM) for internal rotation at 5.47° while Brace 2 fall outside of the normal range at 2.165°. Meanwhile, the external rotation for Brace 1 (-13.25°) was lower than Brace 2 (-33.25°). Furthermore, the comfortability analysis suggested that Brace 1 (60%) was more effective than Brace 2 (40%). To conclude, Brace 1 portrayed optimal performance than Brace 2 during dynamic balance activities with reduction in ROM to prevent excessive knee rotation.

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