Frequency Distributions of Daily Ambient Temperatures Through Generalized Parameters

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Satyamurty ◽  
K. Sarath Babu
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Generalized Distributions ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Generalized Parameters

Studies on frequency distributions of ambient temperature available in the literature are limited and are developed assuming that the distributions are symmetric about its average value. The present article examines the suitability of a new parameter, T¯aˆ, and a variable, Taˆ to depict generalized distributions. T¯aˆ is a normalized monthly average daily ambient temperature, while Taˆ is a normalized daily ambient temperature. They comprise maximum and minimum ambient temperatures (Ta,max and Ta,min), in addition to monthly average daily ambient temperature, T¯a, and daily ambient temperature, Ta. Correlations have been developed to predict Ta,max and Ta,min needed, in the absence of data. The distributions, developed in terms of Taˆ and T¯aˆ have been suitably represented and tested over 269 locations, latitudes ranging from 8°N to 64°N. The daily ambient temperature values have been predicted within a %rms difference and standard deviations of 0.43% (when Ta’s are in K) and 1.19 K with the expressions developed in the present study.

Generation of Hourly Ambient Temperature from Generalized Cumulative Frequency Distributions

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 683-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Satyamurty ◽  
P. Ravikumar
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Cumulative Frequency ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Large Data Base ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Monthly Average

The present article is devoted to make available a method to generate hourly ambient temperature values when the monthly average hourly ambient temperature, T¯ah is known. Cumulative frequency distributions for hourly ambient temperature have been developed employing normalized variables. The normalized variables used in the present study contain not only the monthly average hourly ambient temperature but also the maximum, Tah,max, and minimum, Tah,min. In order that the frequency distributions developed in the present study become available for the purpose of calculating hourly ambient temperature when T¯ah only is known, correlations to estimate Tah,max and Tah,min from known parameters have been presented. The ability of the present distributions to generate hourly ambient temperatures during a day has also been established. A large data base of 239 locations has been employed in developing and validating the distributions and the needed additional correlations. The predicted hourly ambient temperature values have been found to be in agreement with data values within a % rms difference of 0.30 (when Tah is in K) and the standard deviation has been found to be 0.85 K. The agreement between the predicted hourly ambient temperatures during a day employing the present distributions and the data values has been excellent.

Cumulative Frequency Distributions for Daily Global Illuminance

Solar Energy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Satyamurty ◽  
P. RaviKumar
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Linear Form ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Cumulative Frequency ◽  
Clearness Index ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Large Data Base ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Monthly Average

The present article describes the development of cumulative frequency distributions (similar to clearness index distributions) for daily global horizontal illuminance based on the modeled data of 56 US locations. Normalized variables have been employed to account for seasonal and location dependencies. The normalized variables contain the maximum and minimum illuminance values in the array of daily values in addition to the daily illuminance (the variable to be related to cumulative frequency) and the monthly average daily illuminance. The distributions thus developed discrete in terms of the normalized monthly average daily global illuminance have been presented in a convenient linear form which accommodates continuous values for the parameter. When data are not available, the maximum and minimum of the daily values needed in estimating the parameter first and eventually the daily illuminance values have been correlated to other more readily available predictors. Present distributions have been validated by comparing against the daily illuminance values available in the large data base employed. Daily global illuminance has been predicted with a standard deviation of 23.44 klux and rms difference of 4.64%. The present correlations can be conveniently applied to obtain the 30 or 31 daily illuminance values in a month from the monthly average value.

Generation of Monthly Average Hourly Ambient Temperatures From Monthly Average Daily Temperature

Solar Energy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ravikumar
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Monthly Average

A method to generate monthly average hourly ambient temperature values, Tah,n, in terms of the monthly average daily ambient temperature, Ta and latitude, φ is presented here. The present correlations do not require the additional information needed in applying the correlations available in [1,2,3]. The predicted monthly average hourly ambient temperature, Tah,n values have been found to be in agreement with data values within a % rms difference of 0.43 (when Tah,n is in K) and the standard deviation has been found to be 1.243 K, for 56 primary locations of TMY2, comparable to the prediction of Erbs, Klein and Beckman [1].

scholarly journals Influence of Ambient Temperature on Radiative and Convective Heat Dissipation Ratio in Polymer Heat Sinks

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2286
Author(s):  
Jan Kominek ◽  
Martin Zachar ◽  
Michal Guzej ◽  
Erik Bartuli ◽  
Petr Kotrbacek
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Convective Heat ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
Fourth Power ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
University Of Technology

Miniaturization of electronic devices leads to new heat dissipation challenges and traditional cooling methods need to be replaced by new better ones. Polymer heat sinks may, thanks to their unique properties, replace standardly used heat sink materials in certain applications, especially in applications with high ambient temperature. Polymers natively dispose of high surface emissivity in comparison with glossy metals. This high emissivity allows a larger amount of heat to be dissipated to the ambient with the fourth power of its absolute surface temperature. This paper shows the change in radiative and convective heat transfer from polymer heat sinks used in different ambient temperatures. Furthermore, the observed polymer heat sinks have differently oriented graphite filler caused by their molding process differences, therefore their thermal conductivity anisotropies and overall cooling efficiencies also differ. Furthermore, it is also shown that a high radiative heat transfer leads to minimizing these cooling efficiency differences between these polymer heat sinks of the same geometry. The measurements were conducted at HEATLAB, Brno University of Technology.

scholarly journals Insufficient Stability of Clavulanic Acid in Widely Used Child-Appropriate Formulations

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Ines Mack ◽  
Mike Sharland ◽  
Janneke M. Brussee ◽  
Sophia Rehm ◽  
Katharina Rentsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
Dispersible Tablets ◽  
The Stability

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) belongs to the WHO Essential Medicines List for children, but for optimal antimicrobial effectiveness, reconstituted dry powder suspensions need to be stored in a refrigerated environment. Many patients in low- and middle-income countries who are sold AMC suspensions would be expected not to keep to the specified storage conditions. We aimed to assess the stability of both ingredients in liquid formulations and dispersible tablets, combined with nationally representative data on access to appropriate storage. Degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic-acid (CLA) was measured in suspensions and dispersible tablets commercially available in Switzerland at different ambient temperatures (8 °C vs. 28 °C over 7 days, and 23 °C vs. 28 °C over 24 h, respectively). Data on access to refrigeration and electricity were assessed from the USAID-funded Demographic and Health Survey program. In suspensions, CLA degraded to a maximum of 12.9% (95% CI −55.7%, +29.9%) at 8°C and 72.3% (95% CI −82.8%, −61.8%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature during an observation period of 7 days. Dispersible tablets were observed during 24 h and CLA degraded to 15.4% (95% CI −51.9%, +21.2%) at 23 °C and 21.7% (−28.2%, −15.1%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature. There is relevant degradation of CLA in suspensions during a 7-day course. To overcome the stability challenges for all active components, durable child-appropriate formulations are needed. Until then, prescribers of AMC suspensions or pharmacists who sell the drug need to create awareness for the importance of proper storage conditions regarding effectiveness of both antibiotics and this recommendation should be reflected in the WHO Essential Medicines List for children.

Ambient temperature effects on physiological traits of white-tailed deer

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Holter ◽  
W. E. Urban Jr. ◽  
H. H. Hayes ◽  
H. Silver ◽  
H. R. Skutt
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Wind Chill ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Energy Equilibrium ◽  
Body Energy

Six adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) were exposed to 165 periods of 12 consecutive hours of controlled constant ambient temperature in an indirect respiration calorimeter. Temperatures among periods varied from 38 to 0 (summer) or to −20C (fall, winter, spring). Traits measured were energy expenditure (metabolic rate), proportion of time spent standing, heart rate, and body temperature, the latter two using telemetry. The deer used body posture extensively as a means of maintaining body energy equilibrium. Energy expenditure was increased at low ambient temperature to combat cold and to maintain relatively constant body temperature. Changes in heart rate paralleled changes in energy expenditure. In a limited number of comparisons, slight wind chill was combatted through behavioral means with no effect on energy expenditure. The reaction of deer to varying ambient temperatures was not the same in all seasons of the year.

Change in the Properties of a Lead-acid Battery Depending on the Cycling Speed and the Ambient Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Jana Zimáková ◽  
Petr Baca ◽  
Martin Langer ◽  
Tomáš Binar
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
Cycling Speed ◽  
Lead Acid

This work deals with lead-acid batteries, their properties and individual types that are available on the market. The temperature dependences of the battery parameters at different ambient temperatures and at different discharging and charging modes are measured. 6 batteries are tested at different charging currents, which provides information about their behavior both during discharge and at the time of charging. During the experiments, testing is not only performed at room temperature, but the batteries are also exposed to high temperatures up to 75 °C.

Effect of Changes in Ambient Temperature on Spontaneous Activity, Food Intake and Body Weight of Goldthioglucose-Obese and Nonobese Mice

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Fregly ◽  
N. B. Marshall ◽  
J. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Body Weights

Goldthioglucose-obese mice cannot adjust their food intake to meet the increased energy requirements due to cold. At all ambient temperatures above 15°C the spontaneous running activity of these animals is less than that observed for nonobese controls. Activity of obese mice is maximal at 19°C and minimal at 15°C or lower. Body weights decrease during exposure to cold. In contrast to that of obese mice, running activity of nonobese controls is maximal at an ambient temperature of 25°C but nearly ceases at 15°C or lower. The food intake of these animals increases in the cold and remains elevated even at temperatures at which activity decreases. The body weight of nonobese controls is either maintained constant or increases during exposure to cold air.

Effect of ambient temperature on protein breakdown during prolonged exercise

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 550-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Dolny ◽  
P. W. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
H Protein

Male subjects (n = 8) cycled for 90 min in 5, 20, and 30 degrees C environments. Rectal (Tre), chest, and thigh temperatures, O2 consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R), and venous concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), urea N, lactic acid (LA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and cortisol (C) were measured before, during, and after exercise. Urea N excretion was measured in 72 h of nonexercise, in 72 h of exercise (exercise day + 2 post-exercise days) urine samples, and in exercise sweat. Calculated 72-h protein utilization (means +/- SE) was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) for the 5 (86.9 +/- 27.1 g) and 20 (82.9 +/- 22.7 g) compared with 30 degrees C (34.01 +/- 19.1 g) trial. Regardless of ambient temperature exercise increased the venous concentration of C, E, and NE. These catabolic hormones were greatest in 5, lowest in 20, and intermediate in 30 degrees C. Exercise Tre and VO2 were greatest in the 30 degrees C environment. Venous FFA concentration was significantly higher and R significantly lower in 5 vs. 20 or 30 degrees C, and venous LA concentration was significantly greater in 30 vs. 20 or 5 degrees C. Although these results indicate that exercise protein breakdown is affected by ambient temperatures, the mechanism of action is not due solely to circulating NE, E, and C. Differences in venous FFA and LA across environmental temperatures suggest that alterations in carbohydrate and fat metabolism may have contributed to the observed variable protein utilization.

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